{"id":299,"date":"2021-05-26T09:04:56","date_gmt":"2021-05-26T09:04:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/?page_id=299"},"modified":"2021-06-13T08:07:16","modified_gmt":"2021-06-13T08:07:16","slug":"old-breton-glosses","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/?page_id=299","title":{"rendered":"Old Breton Glosses"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The list below is taken from Old Breton Glosses<\/em> by Whitley Stokes (1879). The glosses themselves occur in several old texts: (a) Amalarius’ De Divinis Oficiis<\/em>, written ad 952; (b) The Berne Codex<\/em>; (c) several copies of the Collatio Canonum <\/em>written in the 8th century. The comments are based on Stokes’ work, with additional information and alternative explanations in some cases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

aaltin<\/strong><\/td>ferula ‘cane’<\/td>A bad gloss, the word is B. aotenn <\/em>‘razor’ preceded by the preposition a <\/em>‘of, from’. c<\/td><\/tr>
acepriou<\/strong><\/td>laquearibus ‘panelled ceilings’<\/td>The source reads: laquearibus .i. aninou <\/em>vel acepriou<\/em>. B. kebr <\/em>‘rafter’ with the plural ending B. -io\u00f9<\/em>. The initial a- <\/em>is the preposition B. a <\/em>‘of, from’. b<\/td><\/tr>
aceruission<\/strong><\/td>hirsutis ‘rough, shaggy, hairy’<\/td>A derivative of B. garv <\/em>‘rough’, preceded by the preposition a <\/em>‘of, from’ and ending with the plural B. -ien<\/em>. Stokes refers -iss- <\/em>to the ending of adjectives such as W. dilys <\/em>‘genuine, certain, sincere’, hysbys <\/em>‘known, evident; conscious’ (also dyrys <\/em>‘wild, rough; cunning, clever’, echrys <\/em>‘terrible’, melys <\/em>‘sweet’), though W. -ys <\/em>is not a productive derivative suffix. The ending occurs in B. melis <\/em>‘honeyed’, which has clearly been taken as a derivative of B. mel <\/em>‘honey’, so it’s possible that the ending spread and became productive at an early time, though it has left little trace in the modern language. It should be noted, however, that garv <\/em>is an adjective and not a noun, as mel <\/em>is. Overall, quite uncertain. c<\/td><\/tr>
acronnmain<\/strong><\/td>cylindro ‘cylinder’<\/td>B. krenn <\/em>’round’ and maen <\/em>‘stone’, preceded by the preposition a <\/em>‘of, from’. b<\/td><\/tr>
admet<\/strong><\/td>passae ‘dishevelled, dried’<\/td>B. azv<\/em>, aneved <\/em>‘ripe’. c<\/td><\/tr>
aguirtitou<\/strong><\/td>fusis ‘spindles’<\/td>B. gwerzhid <\/em>‘spindle’ with the plural ending -o\u00f9<\/em>. The initial a- <\/em>is the preposition B. a <\/em>‘of, from’. b<\/td><\/tr>
aiul<\/strong><\/td>ultro ‘voluntarily’<\/td>Based on B. youl, ivoull <\/em>‘will, desire’ preceded by the preposition a <\/em>‘of, from’. c<\/td><\/tr>
amsauath<\/strong><\/td>vicarius ‘substitute; vicar’<\/td>Modern Breton has emsavadeg <\/em>‘lifting, raising’, an adjective based on this word. The elements are Br. *ambe- <\/em>‘around’ (W. am-<\/em>), B. sav <\/em>‘rising’, and the agent ending B. -ad<\/em>. b<\/td><\/tr>
amuoet<\/strong><\/td>fastu ‘pride’<\/td>Perhaps equivalent to W. ymchwydd <\/em>‘swelling, pride’ (literally ‘self-swelling’, B. c’hwezh <\/em>‘inflation, swelling; vanity’) though the form does not fit well. Alternatively, equivalent to W. mwyad <\/em>‘an increase’ < mwy <\/em>‘more’, B. mui <\/em>preceded by the preposition B. a <\/em>‘of, from’. c<\/td><\/tr>
aninou<\/strong><\/td>laquearibus ‘panelled ceilings’<\/td>The source reads: laquearibus .i. aninou<\/em> vel acepriou<\/em>. The equivalent of W. nen<\/em> ‘ceiling’ with the plural ending -o\u00f9<\/em>. The initial a- <\/em>is the preposition B. a <\/em>‘of, from’. b<\/td><\/tr>
annaor<\/strong><\/td>quandoquidem ‘since’<\/td>The exact equivalent of W. nawr <\/em>‘now’ < MW. yn awr <\/em>‘this hour’. B. eur <\/em>‘hour’. b<\/td><\/tr>
aruanta<\/strong><\/td>ultro ambit ‘voluntarily goes around’<\/td>Possibly a verb with PC. *\u03c6ari- <\/em>‘fore-‘ and B. c’hoantaat <\/em>‘to desire, envy’. c<\/td><\/tr>
ar uuo art hui<\/strong><\/td>vos fascinavit <\/em>‘has charmed or enchanted you’<\/td>Possibly <\/em>for *aruuoart hui <\/em>from a verb PC. *\u03c6ari-wo-gar- <\/em>< *\u03c6ari-<\/em> ‘fore- pre-‘, *wo-<\/em> ‘below, sub-‘ and the root *gar- <\/em>‘call, speak’ which gives a wealth of words across Brythonic and Gaelic: OI. fogur<\/em> ‘a sound’ (< PC. *wo-gar-<\/em>), W. gawr<\/em> ‘shout, cry, clamour’, WB. garm <\/em>‘shout, cry’, G. goir <\/em>‘call, cry’, G. farraid <\/em>‘ask, inquire’ (< PC. *wo-gar-t<\/em>– ?), W. gair <\/em>‘word’, BC. ger <\/em>‘word’. Of particular note are: (i) OI. adobragart<\/em>, the perfect of adgair <\/em>‘sues, prosecutes, impleads, accuses; forbids, prevents’ (< PC. *ati-gar- <\/em>‘speak to’), which also glosses L. vos fascinavit <\/em>‘he has seduced you’; <\/em>(ii) OI. argair <\/em>‘forbids, hinders, prevents’ (< PC. *\u03c6ari-gar- <\/em>‘fore-speak’) and the abstract noun airgart <\/em>‘something prohibited; ban, prevention’. The latter is another name for OI. geis<\/em>, the kind of curse or taboo placed on a literary character preventing them from doing certain things; hence we can see connections between our proposed word *aruuoart <\/em>and concepts of bewitching, or controlling through words. OI. argart<\/em> and ararogart<\/em>, <\/em>the preterite and perfect of argair<\/em>, also show the stem had a t-<\/em>preterite, which might explain the final -t<\/em> of *aruuoart <\/em>(c.f. MW. cymerth <\/em>‘he took’ from cymeraf <\/em>‘I take’). The final element hui<\/em> is B. c’hwi<\/em> ‘you’. c<\/td><\/tr>
attanoc<\/strong><\/td>musca volitans ‘flying fly’<\/td>The source reads: musca volitans .i. attanoc <\/em>.i. clehurin<\/em>. B. adanek <\/em>‘winged’. b<\/td><\/tr>
biunrun<\/strong><\/td>epimachus [ophiomachus] ‘grasshopper; locust’<\/td>Perhaps for *bianran <\/em>from B. bihan <\/em>‘small’ and ran <\/em>‘frog’ (< L. r\u0101na <\/em>‘frog’), a descriptive name for a grasshopper. c<\/td><\/tr>
blinder<\/strong><\/td>segnitia ‘slowness, sloth’<\/td>B. blinder <\/em>‘exhaustion’. a<\/td><\/tr>
bocion<\/strong><\/td>putres ‘rotten, crumbling’<\/td>Plural of B. bouk <\/em>‘soft’ (see buc <\/em>below). b<\/td><\/tr>
bodin<\/strong><\/td>manus ‘hand; host’<\/td>Like W. byddin <\/em>‘army, host’. b<\/td><\/tr>
broolion<\/strong><\/td>patrias ‘country, fatherland’<\/td>An adjectival derivative of B. bro <\/em>‘country’ with the plural ending now B. -ien<\/em>. b<\/td><\/tr>
buc<\/strong><\/td>putris ‘rotten, crumbling’<\/td>B. bouk <\/em>‘soft’. b<\/td><\/tr>
buorth<\/strong><\/td>bovello ‘cow yard’<\/td>B. buorzh <\/em>‘enclosure for cows’. c<\/td><\/tr>
camadas<\/strong><\/td>habilis ‘suitable, skillful, nimble’<\/td>Equivalent to W. cyfaddas <\/em>‘suitable, fit, proper’. a<\/td><\/tr>
caubal<\/strong><\/td>lembum ‘fast ship’<\/td>W. ceubal<\/em>, C. kowbal <\/em>‘ferry’ < L. caupulus<\/em>. b<\/td><\/tr>
cauell<\/strong><\/td>vannus ‘winnowing basket’<\/td>B. kavell <\/em>‘cradle’. b<\/td><\/tr>
caul<\/strong><\/td>piacula ‘sacrifice, sin, guilt’<\/td>Equivalent to W. c\u0175l <\/em>‘fault, blame, offence; sin’. c<\/td><\/tr>
cest<\/strong><\/td>fiscina ‘small basket’<\/td>The source reads: fiscina .i. ser <\/em>vel cest<\/em>. B. kest <\/em>‘hive, basket’. b<\/td><\/tr>
clehurin<\/strong><\/td>musca volitans ‘flying fly’<\/td>The source reads: musca volitans .i. attanoc<\/em> .i. clehurin<\/em>. W. cleren, clehyryn <\/em>‘horsefly’. b<\/td><\/tr>
clou<\/strong><\/td>acitamenta ?<\/td>Uncertain. The gloss may be for acutamenta <\/em>‘thing made sharp’ and clou <\/em>may be a borrowing of L. cl\u0101vus <\/em>‘nail’ (c.f. B. enklaoui\u00f1 <\/em>‘to nail’).<\/td><\/tr>
cnoch<\/strong><\/td>tumulus ‘mound, hill’<\/td>B. krec’h <\/em>‘summit, mount’. b<\/td><\/tr>
coarcholion<\/strong><\/td>canabina [cannabina] ‘hemp’<\/td>D derivative of B. kouarc’h <\/em>‘hemp’ with the plural ending, now B. -ien<\/em>. b<\/td><\/tr>
cocitou<\/strong><\/td>intiba ‘endive’<\/td>B. kegid <\/em>‘hemlock’ with the plural ending -o\u00f9<\/em>. b<\/td><\/tr>
controliaht<\/strong><\/td>controversiam ‘quarrel, dispute, lawsuit’<\/td>B. kontreliezh <\/em>‘objection, contradiction; argumentativeness’ from kontrel, kontrol <\/em>‘contrary, unfavourable; the opposite’, a borrowing from L. contr\u0101rius<\/em> ‘opposite, opposed’ <\/em>with the abstract ending -iezh<\/em>. c<\/td><\/tr>
corcid<\/strong><\/td>ardea ‘heron’<\/td>B. kerc’heiz <\/em>‘heron’. b<\/td><\/tr>
cornigl<\/strong><\/td>cornix ‘crow’<\/td>B. kornigell<\/em>, W. cornicyll <\/em>‘lapwing’ < L. corn\u012bcula <\/em>‘little crow’. b<\/td><\/tr>
cosmid<\/strong><\/td>serum ‘whey’<\/td>The source reads: serum .i. meid <\/em>vel cosmid<\/em>. A compound of B. keuz<\/em>, W. caws <\/em>‘cheese’ and W. maidd <\/em>‘whey’. b<\/td><\/tr>
costadalt<\/strong><\/td>aeditui ‘sacristan, priest’<\/td>The first element may be borrowed from L. cust\u014ddem <\/em>(acc.) ‘custodian, guardian’ and the second may be equivalent to OI. alt <\/em>‘house’, though this explanation is not very satisfactory since neither word has any cognates in any of the Brythonic languages, except W. cwstos <\/em>‘custodian’, which is late and learned. c<\/td><\/tr>
couann<\/strong><\/td>noctuam ‘owl’<\/td>B. kaouenn <\/em>‘owl’. c<\/td><\/tr>
couarcou<\/strong><\/td>serta ‘bound together, interwoven’<\/td>Seemingly the same word as W. cyfarch <\/em>‘greeting, address’ with the plural ending B. -o\u00f9<\/em>. b<\/td><\/tr>
cunnaret boestol<\/strong><\/td>beluina rabies ‘animal madness, bestial rage’<\/td>B. kounnar, konnar <\/em>‘rabies’ (W. cynddaredd <\/em>‘rage, anger; rabies’) and a borrowing from L. b\u0113stia <\/em>‘beast’ (W. bwyst <\/em>‘beast’) with the adjective ending B. –el<\/em> (e.g. aelel <\/em>‘angelic’ < ael <\/em>‘angel’). c<\/td><\/tr>
cunrunt<\/strong><\/td>vorticem montis ‘moutain summit’<\/td>The first element may be related to OI. conn <\/em>‘bulge, protuberance’, to W. cwnnu <\/em>‘raise’ (the origins of which are obscure), or to the slightly dubious Gaul. cuno- <\/em>‘high’. The second may be B. ront <\/em>’round’. c<\/td><\/tr>
dadlou, dadluo<\/strong><\/td>andronas ‘places where men talk’; curiae ‘courts, meeting-houses’<\/td>B. dael <\/em>‘debate, assembly’ (W. dadl <\/em>‘argument, dispute, meeting’) in the plural daelo\u00f9<\/em>. It seems that the word meant ‘meeting place’ as well as ‘assembly’, c.f. B. daeldi <\/em>‘court’.  c<\/td><\/tr>
daliu<\/strong><\/td>fuscus ‘dark, black’<\/td>An error for *duliu <\/em>‘black colour’. B. du <\/em>‘black’, liv <\/em>‘colour’. b<\/td><\/tr>
dehlouetic<\/strong><\/td>accommodata ‘suitable, appropriate’<\/td>Formed like W. delwedig <\/em>‘motionless, formed’, a verbal adjective of a denominative verb from delw <\/em>‘image, form, mode, manner’ (B. delv <\/em>‘statue’). The meaning is probably closer to W. delwig<\/em> ‘comely, shapely, well-formed’. c<\/td><\/tr>
daureth<\/strong><\/td>foedam ‘filthy, foul, disgusting’<\/td>Unknown. b<\/td><\/tr>
deleiou<\/strong><\/td>antemnarum ‘yards, antennas’<\/td>B. delez <\/em>‘yard, antenna’ with plural ending -io\u00f9<\/em>. b<\/td><\/tr>
deuo<\/strong><\/td>attacus ‘locust’<\/td>Unknown. Perhaps related to B. devi\u00f1 <\/em>‘to burn’ (cf. W. deifio <\/em>‘to singe, burn, scorch, blight, blast’), in the sense of something which causes total destruction. c<\/td><\/tr>
discou<\/strong><\/td>lances ‘dishes, platters’<\/td>Borrowed from L. discus <\/em>‘dish, discus’ with the plural ending -o\u00f9<\/em>. B. disk <\/em>‘disk’. b<\/td><\/tr>
doromantorion<\/strong><\/td>auspicibus ‘augurs, priests’<\/td>A strange word, supposedly equivalent to L. praemonitor<\/em> ‘one who forewarns’. Some form of Proto-Celtic stem with PC. *\u03c6ro- ‘before’ and *men- <\/em>‘mind, thinking’ is possible, but the agent suffix -or <\/em>is Latin, so the word may simply be L. monitor <\/em>‘admonisher’ with the Celtic prefix added. The first element do- <\/em>is the preposition B. da <\/em>‘to’ and the final element is the plural ending, now B. -ien<\/em>. b<\/td><\/tr>
douretit angruit<\/strong><\/td>turpi ‘ugly, foul’<\/td>Unknown.<\/td><\/tr>
duglas<\/strong><\/td>ceruleus ‘dark blue’<\/td>A compound of B. du <\/em>‘black’ and glas <\/em>‘blue’. W. dulas<\/em> ‘deep blue’, B. glasdu <\/em>‘dark blue’. b<\/td><\/tr>
elestr<\/strong><\/td>hibiscum ‘mallow’<\/td>B. elestr <\/em>‘iris, gladioli’. b<\/td><\/tr>
endlim<\/strong><\/td>fenus [faenus] ‘interest, gain, profit’<\/td>Perhaps a verbal noun like W. ennill <\/em>‘to win, earn; gain, profit, income’ with the Breton verb noun ending -i\u00f1<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>
ent crafho<\/strong><\/td>inopportunius ‘unsuitable’<\/td>crafho <\/em>may be for B. krafoc’h<\/em>, the comparative of B. kraf <\/em>‘greedy; a miser; a grip, hold’, C. kraf <\/em>‘greedy, miserly’, W. craff <\/em>‘tenacious, keen, firm, steadfast; a hold, grip’. The relationship to inopporunius <\/em>is not clear. The first element, ent <\/em>is probably the same as that seen in B. end-eeun <\/em>‘precisely’, an adverb formed from eeun <\/em>‘right’ (W. iawn <\/em>‘right; very’). <\/em>This is a remnant of an older form of B. en <\/em>‘in’, seen elsewhere as an adverb-forming particle: W. yn<\/em>, C. en<\/em> and possibly OI. in, ind, int<\/em>. c<\/td><\/tr>
enterafib<\/strong><\/td>ambit ‘goes around’<\/td>The elements are probably B. etre- <\/em>‘inter-, between’ (C. ynter, yntra<\/em> ‘between’) and B. fi\u00f1 <\/em>‘movement’, fi\u00f1al <\/em>‘move’, related to W. chw\u0177f <\/em>‘motion’. c<\/td><\/tr>
ercentbidite<\/strong><\/td>notabis ‘you will note’<\/td>The source reads: notabis .i. agnosces vel signabis .i. ercentbidite<\/em>. B. argantvoud <\/em>‘perceive’ with the 2nd person pronoun te <\/em>‘you’ (B. argantvezi-te<\/em>). b<\/td><\/tr>
esceilenn<\/strong><\/td>cortina ‘curtain’<\/td>Formed from the same root as G. sg\u00e0il <\/em>‘shade, shadow’ with the singulative ending B. -enn<\/em>. b<\/td><\/tr>
ethin<\/strong><\/td>rusco, rusci ‘butcher’s broom’<\/td>C. eythin<\/em>, W. eithin <\/em>‘gorse, furze’. b<\/td><\/tr>
gloiatou<\/strong><\/td>labet<\/td>Actually glosses nitentia <\/em>‘shining, glittering, bright’. B. gloev <\/em>‘clear’. <\/em>b<\/td><\/tr>
guaan<\/strong><\/td>scurilis [scurrilis] ‘jeering’<\/td>Perhaps the same word as B. gwan <\/em>‘weak, vain’ or a derivative of B. gwa<\/em> ‘misfortune, mishap, bad luck’ (W. gwae <\/em>‘woe, anguish, adversity’). The connection with L. scurra <\/em>‘jester, dandy’ and possibly OB. guanorion <\/em>‘actors’ makes the latter explanation more attractive. c<\/td><\/tr>
guanorion<\/strong><\/td>istriones ‘actors’<\/td>Perhaps related to B. gwaner <\/em>‘person who is punished; ascetic’ from gwan <\/em>‘weak’, with the plural ending B. -ien<\/em>. (see also guaan<\/em> above). c<\/td><\/tr>
guascotou<\/strong><\/td>frigora ‘cold’<\/td>Actually glosses umbras <\/em>‘shadows, shades’. B. gwasked <\/em>‘shelter, refuge’ with plural ending -o\u00f9<\/em>. b<\/td><\/tr>
guilannou<\/strong><\/td>fulice [fulicae] ‘coots’<\/td>B. gouelan <\/em>‘gull’ with the plural ending -o\u00f9<\/em>. <\/em>b<\/td><\/tr>
guinodroitou<\/strong><\/td>plagae ‘hunting nets<\/td>A compound with a now lost borrowing from L. v\u0113n\u0101tus <\/em>‘hunting’ (cf. B. gwinaer<\/em> ‘hunter’ < L. v\u0113n\u0101tor<\/em>) <\/em>and B. roued <\/em>‘net’ < L. r\u0113te<\/em> ‘net’.<\/em> b<\/td><\/tr>
guinuclou<\/strong><\/td>venabula ‘hunting spears’<\/td>Perhaps from some Vulgar Latin <\/em>diminutive based on the stem of L. v\u0113nor <\/em>‘I hunt’, v\u0113n\u0101tus <\/em>‘hunting’, as if L. v\u0113n\u0101bulum<\/em> was replaced with v\u0113n\u0101culum <\/em>in line with numerous other diminutives (c.f. F. oreille <\/em>‘ear’ < VL. oricula <\/em>< auris<\/em> ‘ear’, Spanish oveja <\/em>‘sheep’ < VL. ovicula<\/em> < L. ovis <\/em>‘sheep’). For the first syllable see guinodroitou<\/em> above and for the second, see cornigl<\/em>). The \u2039u<\/em>\u203a of -ucl- <\/em>is hard to explain, except as a scribal error or misreading of \u2039i<\/em>\u203a. Stokes’ assertion that ‘the suffix -ucla is Celtic’ based on W. mwnwgl <\/em>‘neck’ is incorrect: the origin is PC. -iklo-<\/em>, as seen in cognate OI. muin\u00e9l<\/em>, and the Welsh is due to assimilation. b<\/td><\/tr>
gulcet<\/strong><\/td>agipam ?<\/td>B. golc’hed <\/em>‘duvet, quilt’. c<\/td><\/tr>
guohethe<\/strong><\/td>probum [probrum] ‘disgraceful, infamous’<\/td>B. gwasha\u00f1<\/em> ‘worst’, superlative formed from gwazh<\/em> ‘worse’ (W. gwaeth, gwaethaf<\/em> ‘worse, worst’, C. gweth, gwettha <\/em>‘worse, worst’). c<\/td><\/tr>
guohi<\/strong><\/td>fucos ‘drone’<\/td>The source reads: fucos .i. satron<\/em> vel guohi<\/em>. C. gohien <\/em>‘wasp’. b<\/td><\/tr>
guorail<\/strong><\/td>supercilium ‘eyebrow’<\/td>B. ael <\/em>‘eyebrow’ with the prefix gour- <\/em>‘over’. b<\/td><\/tr>
gutric<\/strong><\/td>defer [differ] ‘delay, defer’<\/td>The equivalent of W. godrig <\/em>‘stay, remain; delay’ < trigo <\/em>‘stay, dwell, remain’. c<\/td><\/tr>
heuanemdoguot<\/strong><\/td>se ingerit ‘carries himself’<\/td>Initial heu-<\/em> is B. e\u00f1 <\/em>‘he’ and -anem- <\/em>is the reflexive particle B. en em <\/em>(e<\/em>.g. en em lazhet <\/em>‘killed himself’). The stem -dog- <\/em>is probably that of B. dougen <\/em>‘carry’ whilst -uot <\/em>may be the verb noun ending B. -oud <\/em>or some verbal ending. c<\/td><\/tr>
huital<\/strong><\/td>pabule [papulae] ‘pimples’<\/td>B. c’hwidolenn <\/em>‘anthrax’, W. chwydalen <\/em>‘blister, pustule’. b<\/td><\/tr>
ihepcorim<\/strong><\/td>cassum ’empty, lacking useless’<\/td>Like W. hebgor <\/em>‘to despense with, forgo, omit’ with the verb noun ending, now B. -i\u00f1<\/em>. The initial i- <\/em>is the preposition en <\/em>‘in’. b<\/td><\/tr>
int coucant<\/strong><\/td>non minus ‘not less’<\/td>The source reads: nihilominus nihil minus sic quoque .i. non minus nahulei <\/em>vel int coucant<\/em>. Identical to W. yn geugant <\/em>‘certainly’. For an explanation of int<\/em>, see ent crafho<\/em> above. <\/em>a<\/td><\/tr>
inuanetou<\/strong><\/td>incaenis [en\u00e6niis] ‘secular festivals’<\/td>Highly uncertain. The first element is probably B. en- <\/em>‘in-‘ and the last is certainly the plural ending -o\u00f9<\/em>. The meaning of -uanet- <\/em>is uncertain. Possibly related to or an error for B. banvez<\/em> ‘banquet’ (G. banais<\/em> ‘wedding (feast)’, OI. banais <\/em>‘wedding feast, inauguration feast, banquet, feast’). c<\/td><\/tr>
iscartholion<\/strong><\/td>stupea ‘of tow’<\/td>The plural of an adjective formed with B. -ien<\/em>. B. eskarzh <\/em>‘excretion’, skarzh <\/em>‘drained’, karzh <\/em>‘cleaning, flushing’, W. carth <\/em>‘tow; sweepings, excrement’, ysgarth <\/em>‘excrement, dregs’. b<\/td><\/tr>
latic<\/strong><\/td>agipam ?<\/td>A borrowing from L. l\u014dd\u012bx <\/em>‘blanket’. <\/em>c<\/td><\/tr>
libiriou<\/strong><\/td>lapsus ‘slipping, gliding’<\/td>The source reads: lapsus .i. libiriou <\/em>vel stloitprenou<\/em>. Perhaps the same as W. llyfr <\/em>‘runner (of sledge etc.)’ with the plural ending B. -io\u00f9 <\/em>Though that word is not recorded until 1803, it is probably a derivative of PC. *slib-<\/em>, which gives B. levn<\/em> ‘smooth, polished’, lemm <\/em>‘sharp’, W. llyfn <\/em>‘smooth’, llym <\/em>‘sharp’, llymu <\/em>‘sharpen, whet’ etc. The word is related to E. slip, <\/em>L. l\u016bbricus <\/em>‘slippery, slimy’. b<\/td><\/tr>
libiriou<\/strong><\/td>transtris ‘crossbeam; thwart’<\/td>Possibly an error for *dibiriou <\/em>‘saddles’ (B. dibr,<\/em> C. diber<\/em>, W. dibr <\/em>‘saddle’. b<\/td><\/tr>
limn<\/strong><\/td>lentum ‘sticky, slow, flexible’<\/td>B. levn <\/em>‘polished, smooth’. b<\/td><\/tr>
limncollin<\/strong><\/td>tilia ‘lime tree’<\/td>Literally ‘smooth hazel tree’ from B. levn <\/em>‘smooth’ and kollenn <\/em>‘hazel’. b<\/td><\/tr>
limncollou<\/strong><\/td>tiliae<\/td>Plural form of limncollin<\/em>, with the ending -o\u00f9<\/em>. b<\/td><\/tr>
luscou<\/strong><\/td>oscilla ‘little masks’<\/td>The scribe must have thought oscilla <\/em>meant ‘swings’ from L. oscill\u0101re<\/em> ‘to swing’. The word here is B. lusk <\/em>‘movement, motion’ with the plural ending -o\u00f9<\/em>. b<\/td><\/tr>
mabcauuelou<\/strong><\/td>conabula [cunabula] ‘cradles’<\/td>B. mab <\/em>‘son’ (previously ‘boy’) and kavell <\/em>‘cradle’ (< VL. cauuella <\/em>‘basket’) with the plural ending -o\u00f9<\/em>. b<\/td><\/tr>
meid<\/strong><\/td>serum ‘whey’<\/td>The source reads: serum .i. meid<\/em> vel cosmid<\/em>. W. maidd <\/em>‘whey’. b<\/td><\/tr>
melgabr<\/strong><\/td>ligustra ‘privets’<\/td>The first element is cognate with C. myll <\/em>‘poppy’, W. meillion <\/em>‘clover’; the second is B. gavr <\/em>‘goat’. Hence ‘goat poppy’, a type of flower. b<\/td><\/tr>
mod<\/strong><\/td>gomor ‘gomer; measure of dry weight’<\/td>A borrowing from L. modus <\/em>‘measure, size’. c<\/td><\/tr>
nahulei<\/strong><\/td>non minus ‘not less’<\/td>The source reads: nihilominus nihil minus sic quoque .i. non minus nahulei <\/em>vel int coucant<\/em>. Probably an attempt to directly translate L. nihil\u014dminus <\/em>‘nonetheless’, the first element is B. na <\/em>‘not’ and the last is the equivalent of W. llai <\/em>‘less’. Stokes says that nahu- <\/em>is the same as naou- <\/em>in B. naouac’h <\/em>‘nevertheless, however’, but that word is a compound of B. na <\/em>‘not’ and c’hoazh <\/em>‘yet, again’, so naou- <\/em>is not a real element. No explanation of -hu-<\/em> is forthcoming. a<\/td><\/tr>
nionuret<\/strong><\/td>idem venturos (.i. nos) tollemus in astra nepotes <\/em>‘it is we who will raise to the stars the descendants who shall come after’<\/td>The first elements are B. ni <\/em>‘we’ and hon <\/em>‘our’. The last element may be a scribal error for *unet<\/em>, a borrowing from L. unitas <\/em>‘unity, sameness, oneness’ (W. uned <\/em>‘unity; unit’) or some other derivative of B. un <\/em>‘one’ meaning ‘the same’. If so, the word would be the equivalent of B. ni hon-unan <\/em>‘us ourselves’. b<\/td><\/tr>
nith<\/strong><\/td>nepta [*neptia] ‘niece’<\/td>B. nizez <\/em>(previously nizh<\/em>) ‘niece’. c<\/td><\/tr>
ousor<\/strong><\/td>opilio ‘shepherd’<\/td>W. heusor <\/em>‘shepherd’, from the same root as OI. o\u00ed <\/em>‘sheep’. b<\/td><\/tr>
pritiri<\/strong><\/td>iactura ‘about to throw, send, emit’<\/td>An error by the scribe. The word is B. prederi <\/em>‘worry, concern; thought, reflection’. b<\/td><\/tr>
racloriou<\/strong><\/td>proscenia ‘prosceniums’<\/td>A compound of B. rag <\/em>‘before’ and leur <\/em>‘floor, area’ with the plural ending -io\u00f9<\/em>. b<\/td><\/tr>
rannou<\/strong><\/td>climatibus ‘regions’<\/td>B. rann <\/em>‘part, division’ with the plural ending -o\u00f9<\/em>. c<\/td><\/tr>
saltrocion<\/strong><\/td>graciles ‘slender, thin’<\/td>Actually glosses vitiosae <\/em>‘faulty, corrupt, wicked’. B. saotr <\/em>‘trampled, fouled, sullied; a sprain, stain, blemish’ with the adjectival ending B. -ek<\/em> and the plural -ien<\/em>. c<\/td><\/tr>
satron<\/strong><\/td>fucos ‘drone’<\/td>The source reads: fucos .i. satron<\/em> vel guohi<\/em>. B. sardonenn <\/em>‘bumblebee’. b<\/td><\/tr>
scobarnocion<\/strong><\/td>auritos ‘having large ears’<\/td>B. skouarneg <\/em>‘long-eared bat’, skouarnek <\/em>‘white-eared’, the meanings is probably closer to the C. skovarnek <\/em>‘hare; big-eared’. The ending is the plural, now B. -ien<\/em>. <\/em>b<\/td><\/tr>
ser<\/strong><\/td>fiscina ‘small basket’<\/td>The source reads: fiscina .i. ser <\/em>vel cest<\/em>. Possibly borrowed from L. s\u0113ria <\/em>‘tall jar’ or a scribal error for per <\/em>‘cauldron, basin’ (W. pair<\/em> ‘cauldron’). b<\/td><\/tr>
stloitprenou<\/strong><\/td>lapsus ‘slipping, gliding’<\/td>The source reads: lapsus .i. libiriou <\/em>vel stloitprenou<\/em>. The second element is B. prenn <\/em>‘wood’ with the plural ending –o\u00f9<\/em>. The first is related to B. stlejal <\/em>‘drag, tow’, stlej <\/em>‘trailing; train’ and shares its origins with E. slide<\/em>. Hence stloitprenou <\/em>means something like ‘wooden sliders’. b<\/td><\/tr>
tar<\/strong><\/td>ventrem ‘belly, stomach, womb’<\/td>B. tor <\/em>‘belly, paunch, abdomen’. b<\/td><\/tr>
torleberieti<\/strong><\/td>phitonistarum [pythonissarum] ‘witches’<\/td>A literal translation of late L. ventriloquus < venter <\/em>‘stomach, belly’ and loqu\u012b  <\/em>‘to speak’, originally a method of divination or clairvoyance. The word is a compound of B. tor <\/em>‘belly, paunch, abdomen’, lavar <\/em>‘to speak’ and the agent suffix -iad <\/em>with the plural ending -i <\/em>(now B. -idi <\/em>as in lazhidi <\/em>‘victims’). c<\/td><\/tr>
tracl<\/strong><\/td>larum ‘gull’<\/td>Perhaps intended to be B. drask <\/em>‘thrush’ (W. tresglen<\/em> ‘thrush’), or a borrowing of L. trochilus <\/em>‘a small bird’. c<\/td><\/tr>
trot<\/strong><\/td>strutionem ‘ostrich’<\/td>Possibly a loan from the Latin str\u016bti\u014d, str\u016bthi\u014d <\/em>‘ostrich’ (C. strus<\/em>, W. estrys <\/em>‘ostrich’; modern B. lotrus <\/em>is < OF. l’ostruce<\/em>), though it looks much like B. tred <\/em>‘starling’ (W. drudwen<\/em>, C. troos <\/em>‘starling’). c<\/td><\/tr>
truch<\/strong><\/td>obtusi ‘dull, blunt’<\/td>B. trouc’ha <\/em>‘slice, cut’, W. trwch <\/em>‘broken’, C. tregh <\/em>‘a cut, slice’. b<\/td><\/tr>
ueruencou<\/strong><\/td>verbenas ‘vervain’<\/td>A loan from L. verben\u0101ca<\/em>. b<\/td><\/tr>
uileou<\/strong><\/td>violas ‘violets’<\/td>A loan from the Latin with the plural ending B. -o\u00f9<\/em>. b<\/td><\/tr>
utgurthconeti<\/strong><\/td>obnixus ‘resisted, opposed’<\/td>The initial elements are prepositions: ut <\/em>is now lost in the Brythonic languages, but occurs as a prefix in Gaelic, e.g. OI. ossad <\/em>‘respite, truce’, odbrann <\/em>‘ankle’; gurth <\/em>is B. ouzh <\/em>‘against’, W. wrth <\/em>‘against’. The final element is probably an error for the verbal adjective *-etic <\/em>(W. -edig<\/em>). The verb itself may be related to W. cwnnu <\/em>‘rise, rise up’, the origins of which are not clear. b<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The list below is taken from Old Breton Glosses by Whitley Stokes (1879). The glosses themselves occur in several old texts: (a) Amalarius’…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":323,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/299"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=299"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/299\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":596,"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/299\/revisions\/596"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/323"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=299"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}