{"id":40,"date":"2020-01-19T21:41:36","date_gmt":"2020-01-19T21:41:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/?page_id=40"},"modified":"2022-04-18T08:13:29","modified_gmt":"2022-04-18T08:13:29","slug":"some-cumbric-place-names","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/?page_id=40","title":{"rendered":"Some Cumbric Place Names"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Below is a non-exhaustive list of place names which have possible or probable Cumbric origins.&nbsp; The list doesn&#8217;t contain river names, which are dealt with elsewhere.&nbsp; Most names are given with a standardised&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_cumb_orth.html\">Cumbric orthography<\/a>&nbsp;developed for use on this website.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A few common elements occur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>*blayn\u00a0<\/strong>&#8216;summit, end&#8217; from a possible Br.\u00a0<em>*blacno-\u00a0<\/em>(W.\u00a0<em>blaen\u00a0<\/em>&#8216;point, end, top&#8217;).<\/li><li><strong>*cayr\u00a0<\/strong>&#8216;(Roman) fort&#8217;, perhaps &#8216;village, estate&#8217; from Br.\u00a0<em>*cagro-\u00a0<\/em>(W.\u00a0<em>caer\u00a0<\/em>&#8216;castle, city&#8217;, C.\u00a0<em>ker\u00a0<\/em>&#8216;fort, city&#8217;, B.\u00a0<em>k\u00ear\u00a0<\/em>&#8216;village, town&#8217; previously &#8216;city, fort&#8217;)<\/li><li><strong>*c<strong>\u025b\u0304<\/strong>d\u00a0<\/strong>&#8216;wood&#8217; from Br. Br.\u00a0<em>c\u025b\u0304to-\u00a0<\/em>&#8216;wood&#8217; (W.\u00a0<em>coed<\/em>, C.\u00a0<em>koos,\u00a0<\/em>B.\u00a0<em>koad<\/em>)<\/li><li><strong>*egl<strong>\u0113<\/strong>s<\/strong>\u00a0&#8216;church&#8217; from L.\u00a0eccl\u0113sia\u00a0via\u00a0 LBr.\u00a0<em>*ecl\u0113sj\u0101\u00a0<\/em>&#8216;church&#8217; (W.\u00a0<em>eglwys,\u00a0<\/em>C.<em>\u00a0eglos<\/em>, B.\u00a0<em>iliz<\/em>)<\/li><li><strong>*lannerch\u00a0<\/strong>&#8216;clearing&#8217; from Br.\u00a0<em>*landerc\u0101\u00a0<\/em>(W.\u00a0<em>llanerch<\/em>, C.\u00a0<em>lannergh<\/em>).<\/li><li><strong>*m\u00eal\u00a0<\/strong>&#8216;bald&#8217; from Br.\u00a0<em>*mailo-\u00a0<\/em>(W.\u00a0<em>moel\u00a0<\/em>&#8216;bald; (bare) mountain, (treeless) hill, hilltop, summit&#8217;, C.\u00a0<em>mool<\/em>, B.<em>\u00a0maol\u00a0<\/em>: G.\u00a0<em>maol<\/em>).<\/li><li><strong>*penn\u00a0<\/strong>&#8216;head; chief&#8217; from Br.\u00a0<em>*penno-\u00a0<\/em>(W.\u00a0<em>pen\u00a0<\/em>&#8216;head, , summit, promontory; chief, principal&#8217;, C.\u00a0<em>penn\u00a0<\/em>&#8216;head, end; main, premier&#8217;).<\/li><li><strong>*prenn\u00a0<\/strong>&#8216;tree, timber&#8217; from Br.\u00a0<em>*prenno-\u00a0<\/em>(W.\u00a0<em>pren<\/em>\u00a0&#8216;tree; timber, wood&#8217;, C.\u00a0<em>prenn\u00a0<\/em>&#8216;timber, log&#8217;).<\/li><li><strong>*ros\u00a0<\/strong>&#8216;promontory, headland; moor&#8217; from Br.\u00a0<em>*rosto-\u00a0<\/em>(W.\u00a0<em>rhos\u00a0<\/em>&#8216;upland, heath, moor; marshland, plain&#8217;, C.\u00a0<em>ros\u00a0<\/em>&#8216;hill-spur, promontory; moor&#8217;, B.\u00a0<em>roz\u00a0<\/em>&#8216;upland, side of a valley&#8217;).<\/li><li><strong><em>*<\/em>trev\u00a0<\/strong>&#8216;village, settlement&#8217; from Br.\u00a0<em>*trebo-\u00a0<\/em>(W.\u00a0<em>tre(f)<\/em>, C.\u00a0<em>trev<\/em>).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Ancrum<\/strong><\/td><td>&#8216;Bend in Ale Water&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*Al\u00fcn&nbsp;<\/em>+&nbsp;<em>*crumm<\/em>&nbsp;(Br.&nbsp;<em>*crumbo-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;curved&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>crwm<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>kromm<\/em>). The name perfectly suits the local topography.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Arthuret<\/strong><\/td><td>May be the place mentioned in several early Welsh and Latin sources as the site of an important battle between the Men of the North in\u00a0AD 579. The battle is recorded as OW.\u00a0<em>Armterid<\/em>, MW.\u00a0<em>Arderyd<\/em>, W.\u00a0<em>Arfderydd\u00a0<\/em>and the place as\u00a0<em>Arturet\u00a0<\/em>(c.1190),\u00a0<em>Arturede\u00a0<\/em>(1202). The connection between the two is not certain but the argument is attractive. The etymology of the name is unknown; the first element may be Br.\u00a0<em>arm\u0101\u00a0<\/em>&#8216;weapon&#8217; &lt; L.\u00a0<em>arma<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Balornock<\/strong><\/td><td>An early form&nbsp;<em>Budlornac&nbsp;<\/em>12C suggests possibly &#8216;Llywernog&#8217;s dwelling&#8217; from Cu.<em>&nbsp;*bod Lowern\u01ebg<\/em>&nbsp;(Br.&nbsp;<em>*but\u0101&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;dwelling&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>bod<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>bos +&nbsp;<\/em>W.&nbsp;<em>Llywernog<\/em>).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Barlanark<\/strong><\/td><td>&#8216;Summit clearing&#8217; from Cu.<em>&nbsp;*barr&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#lannerch_\">lanner\u03c7<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>(Br.&nbsp;<em>*barro-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;end; summit&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>bar<\/em>,CB.&nbsp;<em>barr<\/em>).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Barnbougle<\/strong><\/td><td>Possibly Cu.&nbsp;<em>*prenn b\u00fcgeil&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;herdsman&#8217;s tree&#8217; (Br.&nbsp;<em>*prenno-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;tree&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>pren,&nbsp;<\/em>C.&nbsp;<em>prenn&nbsp;<\/em>+ Br.&nbsp;<em>*boukoljo-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;herdsman&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>bugail&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;shepherd&#8217;, C.&nbsp;<em>bugel<\/em>).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Bannockburn<\/strong><\/td><td>Probably Cu.&nbsp;<em>*bann\u01ebg&nbsp;<\/em>from Br.&nbsp;<em>*bann\u0101co-<\/em>&nbsp;a derivative of<em>&nbsp;*banno-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;peak&#8217; (W.&nbsp;<em>ban)<\/em>, either meaning &#8216;little peak&#8217; or &#8216;place with peaks&#8217;. Old English&nbsp;<em>brunna&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;stream&#8217; was added later.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Bathgate<\/strong><\/td><td>Cu.&nbsp;<em>*bai\u00f0&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#c%C3%AAd_\">g\u00ead<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;boar wood&#8217; (W.&nbsp;<em>baedd&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;boar&#8217;).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Blantyre<\/strong><\/td><td>&#8216;End (of the) land&#8217; from Cu.<em>&nbsp;*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#blen-\">blain<\/a>&nbsp;tir&nbsp;<\/em>(Br.&nbsp;<em>*t\u012bro-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;land&#8217; &gt; WC.&nbsp;<em>tir<\/em>).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Blencarn<\/strong><\/td><td>&#8216;Summit cairn&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#blen-\">blain<\/a>&nbsp;carn&nbsp;<\/em>(Br.&nbsp;<em>*carno-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;heap of stones&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>carn,&nbsp;<\/em>C.&nbsp;<em>karnedh<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Blencathra<\/strong><\/td><td>Possibly &#8216;chair-shaped summit&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#blen-\">blain<\/a>&nbsp;cadeir&nbsp;<\/em>(L.&nbsp;cathedra &gt;&nbsp;Br.&nbsp;<em>*cateir\u0101&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;chair&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>cadair<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>kador<\/em>). The fell is known today as Saddleback for its distinctive shape.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Blencogo<\/strong><\/td><td>&#8216;Summit of cuckoos&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#blen-\">blain<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;<em>cogow<\/em>&nbsp;(W.&nbsp;<em>cogau&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;cuckoos&#8217;).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Blennerhasset<\/strong><\/td><td>The first syllableis probably Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#blen-\">blain<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>and the last part is from ON<em>&nbsp;hays\u00e6tr<\/em>&nbsp;&#8216;hay farm&#8217;. The middle element is obscure; it may be Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#tre%CE%B2\">tre\u03b2<\/a><\/em>.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Blindcrake<\/strong><\/td><td>&#8216;End of the rock&#8217; from Cu.<em>&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#blen-\">blain<\/a>&nbsp;creig<\/em>&nbsp;(Br.&nbsp;<em>*cracjo-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;rock&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>craig<\/em>).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Cardew<\/strong><\/td><td>&#8216;Black fort&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#car-\">cair<\/a><\/em><em>d\u00fc\u03b2<\/em>&nbsp;(Br. *<em>dubo-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;dark, black&#8217; &gt; WCB.&nbsp;<em>du<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong><a>Cardurnock<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td>Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#car-\">cair<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;<em>d\u01ddrn\u01ebg<\/em>&nbsp;(Br.&nbsp;<em>*durn\u0101co-<\/em>, a derivative of&nbsp;<em>*durno-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;fist&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>dwrn<\/em>, B.&nbsp;<em>dorn<\/em>) which may mean &#8216;pebble&#8217; (cf. G.&nbsp;<em>d\u00f2irneag&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;pebble&#8217;), but may also be a personal name (cf. Gaul.&nbsp;<em>Durnacos<\/em>, B.&nbsp;<em>dorneg&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;having strong hands&#8217;).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Carfrae<\/strong><\/td><td>Cu. *<em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#car-\">cair<\/a>&nbsp;\u03b2re<\/em>&nbsp;(Br.&nbsp;<em>*brig\u0101<\/em>&nbsp;&#8216;hill&#8217; &gt; WC.&nbsp;<em>bre<\/em>).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Cargo<\/strong><\/td><td>Probably Cu.&nbsp;<em>carreg&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;stone&#8217; (Br.&nbsp;<em>*carreci-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;stone&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>carreg<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>karrek<\/em>) + ON.&nbsp;<em>haugr&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;hill&#8217;.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Carlanrig<\/strong><\/td><td>&#8216;Fort or village in a clearing&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#car-\">cair<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#lannerch_\">lanner\u03c7<\/a><\/em>.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Carlisle<\/strong><\/td><td>One of the few names about which we can be almost certain.&nbsp; It is recorded in the Roman period as&nbsp;luguvalium&nbsp;&#8216;place of a man called Luguvalos&#8217; (a name which means &#8216;power of the God Lugus&#8217;).&nbsp; The British would have been&nbsp;<em>*Luguwalj\u014d<\/em>, which gives the Welsh&nbsp;<em>Caerlliwelydd&nbsp;<\/em>regularly, with the later addition of&nbsp;<em>caer&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;fort, city&#8217; (Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#car-\">cair<\/a>&nbsp;Luweil<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Carriden<\/strong><\/td><td>May be the&nbsp;<em>Kair Eden&nbsp;<\/em>mentioned in Gildas, which is described as &#8220;a very ancient city about two miles from the monastery of Abercurnig, which is now called Abercorn&#8221; (see&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#car-\">cair<\/a><\/em>). There was a Roman fort at Carriden which was once part of the Antonine Wall defences so the identification seems resonable enough. For the meaning of&nbsp;<em>Eidyn&nbsp;<\/em>see&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#Edinburgh\">Edinburgh<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Castle Carrock<\/strong><\/td><td>Carrock is a derivative of Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#car-\">cair<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>meaning &#8216;fortified&#8217; (W.&nbsp;<em>caerog&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;fortified, walled&#8217;) and Castle may be either Br.&nbsp;<em>*castellon&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;castle&#8217; &lt; L.&nbsp;castellum(W.&nbsp;<em>castell<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>kastel<\/em>) or ME.&nbsp;<em>castel&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;castle&#8217;.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Cathcart<\/strong><\/td><td>An early form&nbsp;<em>Kerkert&nbsp;<\/em>(1158) suggests &#8216;fort on Cart Water&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#car-\">cair<\/a><\/em>.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Catterick<\/strong><\/td><td>From L.&nbsp;cataracta&nbsp;&#8216;waterfall&#8217; (W.&nbsp;<em>Catraeth<\/em>). The site of the battle made famous by&nbsp;<em>Y Gododdin<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Cramond<\/strong><\/td><td>&#8216;Fort on the River Almond&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#car-\">cair<\/a>.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Culgaith<\/strong><\/td><td>&#8216;Narrow wood&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*c\u00fcl&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#c%C3%AAd_\">g\u00ead<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>(Br.&nbsp;<em>coilo-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;narrow&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>cul<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>kul<\/em>). Suggestion that it means &#8216;back wood&#8217; or &#8216;retreat wood&#8217; from the equivalent of W.&nbsp;<em>cil&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;back&#8217; (G.&nbsp;<em>c\u00f9l<\/em>) cannot be maintained since PC.&nbsp;<em>*\u016b&nbsp;<\/em>became Br.&nbsp;<em>*\u012b&nbsp;<\/em>well before this name would have been borrowed into English.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Cumrew<\/strong><\/td><td>&#8216;Valley by a slope&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*cumm riw&nbsp;<\/em>(Br.&nbsp;<em>*cumbo-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;valley&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>cwm<\/em>&nbsp;+ Br.&nbsp;<em>*r\u012bw-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;slope&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>rhiw<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>riw<\/em>).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Cumwhinton<\/strong><\/td><td>&#8216;Quentin&#8217;s valley&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*cumm&nbsp;<\/em>(Br.&nbsp;<em>*cumbo-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;valley&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>cwm<\/em>) + a Norman personal name. This name is of particular interest in showing that the Cumbric element&nbsp;<em>*cumm&nbsp;<\/em>remained in use after the Norman Conquest.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Cumwhitton<\/strong><\/td><td>&#8216;Valley of Whittington&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*cumm&nbsp;<\/em>(Br.&nbsp;<em>*cumbo-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;valley&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>cwm<\/em>)&nbsp;<em>+&nbsp;<\/em>an English place name.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Dalkeith<\/strong><\/td><td>Probably &#8216;wood in a river valley&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*dol&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#c%C3%AAd_\">c\u00ead<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>(Br.&nbsp;<em>*dol\u0101&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;river valley, dale&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>d\u00f4l&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;meadow&#8217;, B.&nbsp;<em>dol&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;lowland&#8217; : G.&nbsp;<em>dail&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;dale, meadow&#8217;). The first element has been influenced by the Gaelic cognate, which may be borrowed from Br. or Pictish.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Dornock<\/strong><\/td><td>See&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#Cardurnock\">Cardurnock<\/a>. The name may be G.&nbsp;<em>d\u00f2irneag&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;pebbly&#8217;.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Drumlanrig<\/strong><\/td><td>&#8216;Clearing on a ridge&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*dr\u00fcmm&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#lannerch_\">lanner\u03c7<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>(Br.&nbsp;<em>dr\u00fcsman-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;ridge&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>trum<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>drumm&nbsp;<\/em>: G.&nbsp;<em>druim<\/em>).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong><a>Drumpellier<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td>An early form&nbsp;<em>Dunpeleder&nbsp;<\/em>(1203) suggests G.&nbsp;<em>d\u00f9n&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;fort&#8217; + the plural of Cu.&nbsp;<em>*palad\u01ddr<\/em>&nbsp;&#8216;spear (shaft)&#8217; (Br.&nbsp;<em>*palatro-&nbsp;<\/em>&gt; W.&nbsp;<em>paladr&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;ray, beam; staff; stem&#8217;, pl.&nbsp;<em>pelydr<\/em>). It&#8217;s probable that the first element was translated from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*din&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;fort&#8217; (Br.&nbsp;<em>d\u012bnon&nbsp;<\/em>&gt; WC.&nbsp;<em>din<\/em>). The intrusive&nbsp;<em>r&nbsp;<\/em>first occurs in the 17th century.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Dunbar<\/strong><\/td><td>Watson (1926) argues that this name was taken into Gaelic from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*din barr&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;summit fort&#8217; (Br.&nbsp;<em>d\u012bnon&nbsp;<\/em>&gt; WC.&nbsp;<em>din<\/em>&nbsp;+ Br.&nbsp;<em>*barro-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;point, top&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>bar&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;top, summit, crest&#8217;, CB.&nbsp;<em>barr&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;point&#8217;). Whilst this may well be the case given the similarity in elements (G.&nbsp;<em>d\u00f9n, barr<\/em>), there is no positive evidence to show that a British original ever existed, so it is merely speculation. In any case, the name can tell us nothing about the Cumbric language.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Dundraw<\/strong><\/td><td>The form&nbsp;<em>Drumdrahrigg&nbsp;<\/em>shows that the first element of this name is from PC.&nbsp;<em>*drosman-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;ridge&#8217; (W.&nbsp;<em>trum<\/em>, G.&nbsp;<em>druim<\/em>) with ON&nbsp;<em>draga&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;drag, draw&#8217; +&nbsp;<em>hryggr&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;ridge&#8217;. The connection with Norse would usually suggest a Gaelic origin, since the Norsemen of Cumbria arrived from Ireland, Scotland and Mann, but the fact that the name is tautological points to an existing Cumbric name to which a Norse one was later added.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Eaglesfield<\/strong><\/td><td>The first element may be Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#egluis_\">egluis&nbsp;<\/a><\/em>with OE.&nbsp;<em>feld&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;field&#8217;.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Ecclefechan<\/strong><\/td><td>Either &#8216;small church&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#egluis_\">egluis<\/a>&nbsp;\u03b2e\u03c7an&nbsp;<\/em>(Br.&nbsp;<em>bikkagno-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;small&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>bychan,&nbsp;<\/em>C<em>. byhan<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>bian<\/em>) or &#8216;church of St F\u00e9ich\u00edn&#8217;, a 7th century Irish saint. The W. equivalent of the former would be&nbsp;<em>eglwys fechan<\/em>, which correlates well with the early form&nbsp;<em>Eglesfeghan&nbsp;<\/em>(1303).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Eccles<\/strong><\/td><td>Simply &#8216;church&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#egluis_\">egluis<\/a>.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Ecclesmachan<\/strong><\/td><td>Perhaps &#8216;St Machan&#8217;s church&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#egluis_\">egluis<\/a>&nbsp;Ma\u03c7an<\/em>, the name of a 12th century Scottish saint. If the derivation is correct, it shows that the Cumbric word for church was probably still in use as late as the end of the 12th century. However, the earliest recorded form&nbsp;<em>Egglesmanekin&nbsp;<\/em>(1207) may point to another derivation. The first element may be G.&nbsp;<em>eaglais&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;church&#8217;.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong><a>Edinburgh<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td>The English name is a calque of an earlier one meaning &#8216;fort of&nbsp;<em>Eidyn<\/em>&#8216;. The British form is recorded in the&nbsp;<em>Llyfr Aneirin&nbsp;<\/em>and&nbsp;<em>Llyfr Taliesin&nbsp;<\/em>as&nbsp;<em>Dineidyn&nbsp;<\/em>with Br.&nbsp;<em>*d\u012bnon&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;fort&#8217; (W.&nbsp;<em>din<\/em>) whilst the Gaelic equivalent&nbsp;<em>Dunedene&nbsp;<\/em>(G.&nbsp;<em>D\u00f9n \u00c8ideann<\/em>) also occurs. The name&nbsp;<em>Eidyn<\/em>&nbsp;is recorded various as MW.&nbsp;<em>Eidin, Eitin, Eidyn&nbsp;<\/em>but the last of these has been shown to be the correct form. The meaning is unknown; it may have been the name of a region along the southern Forth.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Falkirk<\/strong><\/td><td>As with Edinburgh, this name appears to have had Cumbric, Gaelic and English forms with the same meaning. The earliest record has<em>&nbsp;Egglesbreth&nbsp;<\/em>from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#egluis_\">egluis<\/a>&nbsp;\u03b2rei\u03b8&nbsp;<\/em>with the feminine form of Cu.&nbsp;<em>bri\u03b8&nbsp;<\/em>(Br.&nbsp;<em>*brixto-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;speckled&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>brith<\/em>, fem.<em>&nbsp;braith<\/em>,C.&nbsp;<em>brith&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;striped, streaked&#8217;). Another record&nbsp;<em>Eaglesuret&nbsp;<\/em>appears to show lenition of the initial&nbsp;<em>b-<\/em>, as would be expected following a feminine noun (cf. W.&nbsp;<em>elgwys fraith<\/em>).<br>The G. equivalent&nbsp;<em>An Eaglais Bhreac&nbsp;<\/em>is evidenced in forms such as&nbsp;<em>Eiglesbrec, Egelbrech<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>Eglesbrich&nbsp;<\/em>though some of these forms may in fact be Cu.&nbsp;<em>*bre\u03c7&nbsp;<\/em>(W.&nbsp;<em>brych,&nbsp;<\/em>fem.&nbsp;<em>brech<\/em>&nbsp;&#8216;mottled&#8217;). The modern English name is from OE.&nbsp;<em>f\u0101g cirice&nbsp;<\/em>with identical meaning and there are Latin (varia capella) and French (<em>la<\/em>&nbsp;<em>Vaire Chapele<\/em>) forms also recorded.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Glasgow<\/strong><\/td><td>Probably &#8216;green hollow&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*glas gow&nbsp;<\/em>(Br.&nbsp;<em>*glasso-&nbsp;<\/em>&gt; WCB<em>. glas<\/em>&nbsp;<em>+&nbsp;<\/em>Br.&nbsp;<em>*cawo-<\/em>&nbsp;W.&nbsp;<em>cau<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>kow<\/em>: L.&nbsp;cavus).&nbsp; The idea that the name means &#8216;dear green place&#8217; from the equivalent of W.&nbsp;<em>cu&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;dear&#8217; is probably folk etymology based on the early form&nbsp;<em>Glasgu&nbsp;<\/em>(12C), which gives modern Gaelic&nbsp;<em>Glaschu<\/em>.<br>In his Life of St Kentigern, Jocelyn says that Glasgow was known as&nbsp;<em>Cathures&nbsp;<\/em>in the time of the saint (late 6th-early 7th century).&nbsp; This must surely be a Cumbric name but its etymology is obscure &#8211; perhaps there is a connection with W.&nbsp;<em>cadair&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;chair&#8217; &lt; L.&nbsp;cathedra?&nbsp; If so, we could explain Jocelyn&#8217;s&nbsp;<em>-th-&nbsp;<\/em>as either an attempt to connect it with the Latin, or a copy of a Gaelic (Old Irish) spelling with the equivalent of G.&nbsp;<em>cathair &#8216;<\/em>chair; city&#8217;.&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Glencoyne<\/strong><\/td><td>The first element is clearly PC.<em>*glennos&nbsp;<\/em>(W.&nbsp;<em>glyn<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>glynn<\/em>, G.&nbsp;<em>gleann<\/em>). It isn&#8217;t clear if the Cumbric form of this word retained original \/e\/ or whether the word was later influenced by G.&nbsp;<em>gleann<\/em>. The second element has been compared to W.&nbsp;<em>cain&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;fine, elegant&#8217;, which comes from Br.&nbsp;<em>*kanjo-.&nbsp;<\/em>The earliest record&nbsp;<em>Glencaine&nbsp;<\/em>appears to support this theory but later ones&nbsp;<em>Glenekone, Glenkun&nbsp;<\/em>do not.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Glendue<\/strong><\/td><td>&#8216;Dark valley&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*glenn&nbsp;<\/em>(<em>*gl\u0131nn<\/em>)<em>&nbsp;d\u00fc\u03b2&nbsp;<\/em>(Br.&nbsp;<em>*glennos&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;valley&#8217;<em>&nbsp;&gt; W. glyn<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>glynn +&nbsp;<\/em>Br. *<em>dubo-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;dark, black&#8217; &gt; WCB.&nbsp;<em>du<\/em>).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Helvellyn<\/strong><\/td><td>This fell name has the look of a Brythonic word, but its exact origins are uncertain. &#8216;Yellow moor&#8217; has been suggested with Cu.<em>&nbsp;*hal \u00b5el\u0131n<\/em>&nbsp;(Br. ?<em>*sal\u0101&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;moor&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>h\u00e2l<\/em>&nbsp;&#8216;moor, down, moorland&#8217;,C.&nbsp;<em>hal&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;moor, (salt-)marsh&#8217; + Br.&nbsp;<em>*melino-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;yellow&#8217; &gt; WC.&nbsp;<em>melyn<\/em>). The earliest record&nbsp;<em>Helvillon&nbsp;<\/em>(1577) offers little help.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Kinneil<\/strong><\/td><td>Recorded by Nennius as&nbsp;<em>Penguaul<\/em>, the W. equivalent of G.&nbsp;<em>ceann f\u00e0il&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;head of the vallum&#8217; (i.e. the Antonine Wall) from Br.&nbsp;<em>*penno-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;head&#8217; (W.&nbsp;<em>pen<\/em>, CB.&nbsp;<em>penn<\/em>) + Br.&nbsp;<em>*w\u0101lo-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;wall, vallum, rampart&#8217; (W.&nbsp;<em>gwawl&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;wall, rampart&#8217;). The Pictish equivalent was recorded by Bede as&nbsp;<em>Peanfahel<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Kirkintilloch<\/strong><\/td><td>An early form&nbsp;<em>Caerpentaloch&nbsp;<\/em>(10th C) shows this name to be from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#car-\">cair<\/a>&nbsp;+&nbsp;<\/em>*<em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#penn_\">penn<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>+ perhaps Cu.&nbsp;<em>*tal\u01ebg&nbsp;<\/em>(Br.&nbsp;<em>*tal\u0101co- &lt; *talo-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;brow; end&#8217; : W.&nbsp;<em>t\u00e2l&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;end, extremity, top; front; forehead, brow, head&#8217;,&nbsp;<em>talog&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;projecting; pediment&#8217;). The G. equivalent has&nbsp;<em>ceann&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;head&#8217; +&nbsp;<em>tulach&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;hillock&#8217; (pl.&nbsp;<em>tulaich<\/em>).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Lamplugh<\/strong><\/td><td>Perhaps &#8216;church of the parish&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*lann plui\u03b2&nbsp;<\/em>(Br.<em>&nbsp;*land\u0101<\/em>&nbsp;&#8216;enclosure&#8217;<em>&nbsp;&gt;&nbsp;<\/em>W.&nbsp;<em>llan&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;church&#8217;, C.&nbsp;<em>lann&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;yard&#8217; + L.&nbsp;pl\u0113b\u0113s&#8217;people; parish&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>plwyf<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>pluw<\/em>). If this derivation is correct it suggests that the original \/\u03b2\/ was vocalised to \/w\/.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Lanark<\/strong><\/td><td>&#8216;Clearing&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#lannerch_\">lanner\u03c7<\/a>.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Lanercost<\/strong><\/td><td>The first element is Cu.&nbsp;<em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#lannerch_\">lanner\u03c7<\/a>.<\/em>&nbsp;The second may be Cu.<em>&nbsp;*\u01eaust&nbsp;<\/em>the equivalent of the W. personal name&nbsp;<em>Awst&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;Augustus&#8217;.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Leece<\/strong><\/td><td>Perhaps Cu.&nbsp;<em>*l\u0131s&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;court, hall&#8217; (Br.&nbsp;<em>*listo-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;hall, court&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>llys<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>lys<\/em>) but uncertain.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Linlithgow<\/strong><\/td><td>Perhaps Cu.&nbsp;<em>*l\u0131nn lei\u03b8 gow&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;lake in a damp hollow&#8217; (Br.&nbsp;<em>lindu-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;lake&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>llyn<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>lynn +&nbsp;<\/em>Br.&nbsp;<em>lekto-<\/em>. &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>llaith&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;damp, moist&#8217; + Br.&nbsp;<em>*cawo-<\/em>&nbsp;W.&nbsp;<em>cau<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>kow<\/em>: L.&nbsp;cavus).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Longniddry<\/strong><\/td><td>The second part of this name is Cu.&nbsp;<em>*new\u0131\u00f0&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#tre%CE%B2\">dre\u03b2<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;new settlement&#8217; (see Niddrie). The first element is probably English &#8216;long&#8217; added later.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Lothian<\/strong><\/td><td>From Br.&nbsp;<em>*Lugud\u012bnj\u0101n\u0101&nbsp;<\/em>(MW.&nbsp;<em>Lleuddiniawn<\/em>) &#8216;country of&nbsp;<em>Lugud\u012bnon<\/em>&#8216;. The latter, meaning &#8216;fort of Lugus&#8217;, may have been an early name for&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#Edinburgh\">Edinburgh<\/a>&nbsp;or another important centre such as Traprain Law, or it could have been a personal name (cf.<em>&nbsp;Ceredigion<\/em>&nbsp;in Wales with the same suffix).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Mallerstang<\/strong><\/td><td>The first part of the name is from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#m%C3%AAl\">m\u00eal<\/a>&nbsp;\u03b2re<\/em>&nbsp;&#8216;bald hill&#8217;<em>&nbsp;(see&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#Mellor\">Mellor<\/a>)with ON.&nbsp;<em>st\u01ebng&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;staff, pole&#8217; added later.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong><a>Maughanby<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td>Contains the Cu. personal name&nbsp;<em>*Mer\u03c7j\u01ebn&nbsp;<\/em>(Br.&nbsp;<em>Marcj\u0101nos&nbsp;<\/em>&gt; W.&nbsp;<em>Meirchion<\/em>) with ON.&nbsp;<em>b\u00fdr&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;village&#8217;. Not technically a Cumbric place name, but at least shows that Cumbrian personal names remained in use following the arrival of Old Norse.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong><a>Mellor<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td>Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#m%C3%AAl\">m\u00eal<\/a>&nbsp;\u03b2re&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;bald hill&#8217; (Br.&nbsp;<em>*brig\u0101&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;hill&#8217; &gt; WC.&nbsp;<em>bre<\/em>; cf. W.&nbsp;<em>moelfre<\/em>).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Melrose<\/strong><\/td><td>&#8216;Bald promontory&#8217; from Cu. *<em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#m%C3%AAl\">m\u00eal<\/a>&nbsp;ros&nbsp;<\/em>(Br.&nbsp;<em>*rosto-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;promontory&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>rhos&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;moor, heath, marshland, plain&#8217;, C.&nbsp;<em>ros&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;hill-spur, promontory, moor&#8217; : G.&nbsp;<em>ros&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;promontory&#8217;).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Menstrie<\/strong><\/td><td>Perhaps Cu.&nbsp;<em>ma\u00ebs&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#tre%CE%B2\">tre\u03b2<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;village in a field&#8217; (Br.&nbsp;<em>magesso-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;field&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>maes<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>mesyow&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;open country&#8217;).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Merchiston<\/strong><\/td><td>Contains the Cu. name&nbsp;<em>*Mer\u03c7j\u01ebn&nbsp;<\/em>(see&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#Maughanby\">Maughanby<\/a>) + OE.&nbsp;<em>t\u016bn<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Mindrum<\/strong><\/td><td>&#8216;Mountain ridge&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*m\u01ddn\u0131\u00f0 dr\u00fcmm&nbsp;<\/em>(Br.&nbsp;<em>*monijo-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;mountain&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>mynydd<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>menydh&nbsp;<\/em>+ Br.<em>&nbsp;dr\u00fcsman-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;ridge&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>trum<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>drumm&nbsp;<\/em>: G.&nbsp;<em>druim<\/em>). The earliest record of this name&nbsp;<em>Minethrum&nbsp;<\/em>seems to show that Cumbric followed Welsh in reducing the quality of LBr.&nbsp;<em>u&nbsp;<\/em>in non-final position.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Minto<\/strong><\/td><td>Perhaps Cu.&nbsp;<em>*m\u01ddn\u0131\u00f0 (Br. *monijo- &#8216;mountain&#8217; &gt; W. mynydd, C. menydh<\/em>) + OE.&nbsp;<em>h\u014dh&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;promontory&#8217;, named after the Minto Hills.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Niddrie<\/strong><\/td><td>Cu.&nbsp;<em>*new\u0131\u00f0&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#tre%CE%B2\">dre\u03b2<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;new settlement&#8217; (Br.&nbsp;<em>nowijo-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;new&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>newydd<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>nowyth<\/em>, B.&nbsp;<em>nevez<\/em>). The first element seems to have been influenced by cognate G.&nbsp;<em>nuadh<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Niddry<\/strong><\/td><td>Identical with above.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Ochiltree<\/strong><\/td><td>Cu.&nbsp;<em>*\u00fc\u03c7el&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#tre%CE%B2\">dre\u03b2<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;high settlement&#8217; (Br.&nbsp;<em>ouxselo-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;high&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>uchel<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>uhel<\/em>).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Peebles<\/strong><\/td><td>Supposedly Cu.&nbsp;<em>*peb\u0131ll&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;tent&#8217; (L.&nbsp;papili\u014d&nbsp;&#8216;tent&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>pabell,&nbsp;<\/em>pl.&nbsp;<em>pebyll<\/em><sup>&nbsp;[<\/sup><a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#fn1\">\u00b9<\/a><sup>]<\/sup>, C.&nbsp;<em>pabel&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;pavillion&#8217;) with an English plural ending. If this is the case, the Cu. word must have been taken into English as a common noun; it is presumed that the meaning was similar to OE.&nbsp;<em>*sc\u0113la &gt;&nbsp;<\/em>Scots&nbsp;<em>shiel(ing)&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;temporary hut, shed, shelter&#8217; (cognate with ON.&nbsp;<em>sk\u00e1li<\/em>&nbsp;which gives several place names in northern England).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Pencaitland<\/strong><\/td><td>The first elements are Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#penn_\">penn<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#c%C3%AAd_\">c\u00ead<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;either meaning &#8216;chief wood&#8217;, &#8216;summit wood&#8217; or &#8216;headland wood&#8217; . The final element is probably OE.&nbsp;<em>land&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;land&#8217; but may be Cu.&nbsp;<em>*lann&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;enclosure; church&#8217; (Br.<em>&nbsp;*land\u0101<\/em>&nbsp;&#8216;enclosure&#8217;<em>&nbsp;&gt;&nbsp;<\/em>W.&nbsp;<em>llan&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;church&#8217;, C.&nbsp;<em>lann&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;yard&#8217;).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Penicuik<\/strong><\/td><td>Means &#8216;summit\/headland of the cuckoo&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#penn_\">penn<\/a>&nbsp;\u0131 gog&nbsp;<\/em>(Br.&nbsp;<em>*cuc\u0101&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;cuckoo&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>cog<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>kog<\/em>).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Penmanshiel<\/strong><\/td><td>Perhaps Cu.&nbsp;<em>*penn main&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;chief stone&#8217; or &#8216;stone summit&#8217; (W.&nbsp;<em>maen&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;stone&#8217;, C.&nbsp;<em>men<\/em>) with Scots&nbsp;<em>shiel<\/em>&nbsp;&#8216;temporary shelter&#8217; added later.&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Pennygant Hill<\/strong><\/td><td>May be identical to Pen-y-Ghent, below.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Penpont<\/strong><\/td><td>&#8216;Chief bridge&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#penn_\">penn<\/a>&nbsp;bont&nbsp;<\/em>(L.&nbsp;pontis&nbsp;&#8216;bridge&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>pont<\/em>).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Penrith<\/strong><\/td><td>Either Cu.&nbsp;<em>*penn r\u0131d&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;chief ford&#8217; (Br. *<em>rito-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;ford&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>rhyd<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>rys<\/em>) or Cu.&nbsp;<em>*penn r\u00fc\u00f0&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;red hill&#8217; (Br.&nbsp;<em>*roudo-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;red&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>rhudd<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>rudh<\/em>, B.&nbsp;<em>ruz<\/em>).&nbsp;The latter explanation has been proposed on the basis that early recorded forms more regularly end in\u2039th\u203athan \u2039t\u203aor\u2039d\u203aand because the modern town of Penrith does not actually stand directly on a river. However, the argument fails to account for the fact that the reflex of Br.&nbsp;<em>*\u00fc&nbsp;<\/em>in Cumbric names is almost always represented by a rounded vowel (e.g. Culgaith, Barnbougle, Ochiltree), whereas the early forms of Penrith all have \u2039e\u203a or \u2039i\u203a. There are also numerous examples of Br.&nbsp;<em>*t&nbsp;<\/em>appearing in place names as \u2039th\u203a (e.g. Culgaith, Dalkeith), so there is no reason to assume that the fricative it etymologically correct. Whilst it is true that the town today is dominated by Beacon Hill to the north east, it does not necessarily follow that that is the most likely source of the name, nor should we assume that the Norman market town developed in the same location as the original place called Penrith.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Penruddock<\/strong><\/td><td>Most likely a Cumbric name, but of uncertain meaning. The first element is clearly Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#penn_\">penn<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;&#8216;head; chief&#8217;, perhaps in the sense &#8216;source of a river or stream&#8217; since the village stands near the source of the River Petteril. The other element may therefore represent an epithet of the river. Cu.&nbsp;<em>*r\u00fc\u00f0\u01ebg<\/em>, a derivative of&nbsp;<em>*r\u00fc\u00f0&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;red&#8217; (Br.&nbsp;<em>*roudo-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;red&#8217; &gt; W.&nbsp;<em>rhudd<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>rudh<\/em>, B.&nbsp;<em>ruz<\/em>) has been suggested (cf. W.&nbsp;<em>rhuddog<\/em>&nbsp;&#8216;red, reddish-brown, bloody&#8217;). The earliest forms&nbsp;<em>Pendredoch&nbsp;<\/em>(1276) and&nbsp;<em>Penreddock&nbsp;<\/em>(1285) have \u2039<em>e<\/em>\u203a where we ought to expect a rounded vowel, though&nbsp;<em>Penruddoc&nbsp;<\/em>occurs in 1292. Alternative possibilities include derivatives of Cu.&nbsp;<em>*r\u0131d&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;ford&#8217; (cf.&nbsp;W.&nbsp;<em>rhydog&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;fordable, full of fords&#8217;), Cu.&nbsp;<em>*rud&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;rust&#8217; (cf. W<em>&nbsp;rhydog&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;rusty, rusty-coloured, russet&#8217;) or Cu.&nbsp;<em>*red&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;run, course&#8217; (cf. W.&nbsp;<em>rhed&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;a running, course&#8217;,&nbsp;<em>rhedeg&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;to run&#8217;,&nbsp;<em>rhedegog&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;running, moving quickly, flowing&#8217;,&nbsp;<em>rhedol&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;running, moving&#8217;).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Pen-y-Ghent<\/strong><\/td><td>Probably Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#penn_\">penn<\/a>&nbsp;\u0131(r)&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;hill\/head of the&#8230;&#8217; with an uncertain final element. It may be Cu.&nbsp;<em>*ceint<\/em>, the same word as the county name Kent presumed to mean &#8216;border country&#8217;, from Br.&nbsp;<em>*cantj<\/em><em>\u014d&nbsp;<\/em>a derivative of Br.&nbsp;<em>*canto-&nbsp;<\/em>(W.&nbsp;<em>cant&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;border, rim&#8217;). The W.&nbsp;<em>caint&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;plain, open country; battlefield&#8217; is apparently late. There is also a W.&nbsp;<em>cant&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;troop, throng&#8217; which could be connected.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Pirn<\/strong><\/td><td>Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#prenn\">prenn<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;tree&#8217;.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Plenmeller<\/strong><\/td><td>Probably Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#blen-\">blain<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#m%C3%AAl\">m\u00eal&nbsp;<\/a>\u03b2re&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;end of the bare hill&#8217;. The initial&nbsp;<em>P-&nbsp;<\/em>may be due to influence be OF.&nbsp;<em>plain&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;plain&#8217;.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Pollok<\/strong><\/td><td>Cu.&nbsp;<em>*p\u01ddll\u01ebg<\/em>, a diminutive of&nbsp;<em>*pull&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;pool&#8217; (W.&nbsp;<em>pwll<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>poll<\/em>).&nbsp;<strong>Pollokshaws&nbsp;<\/strong>and&nbsp;<strong>Pollokshields&nbsp;<\/strong>are English derivatives of the original name.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Primrose<\/strong><\/td><td>Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#prenn\">prenn<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;tree&#8217; +&nbsp;<em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#ros\">ros<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;promontory, moor&#8217;.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Renfrew<\/strong><\/td><td>Most authorities insist that the name means &#8216;headland of the current&#8217; from the equivalent of W.&nbsp;<em>rhyn<\/em>&nbsp;&#8216;promontory&#8217; and&nbsp;<em>ffrwd&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;swift stream, torrent, current&#8217;, though there is no trace of final&nbsp;<em>-d&nbsp;<\/em>in any early records. There is a W.&nbsp;<em>ffrau&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;stream, flow, flux&#8217; which would fit better with the phonetics but is still not ideal.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Roose<\/strong><\/td><td>Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#ros\">ros<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;promontory, moor&#8217;.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Roslin<\/strong><\/td><td>An early form&nbsp;<em>Rosekelyn&nbsp;<\/em>(1240) suggests Cu.&nbsp;<em>*ros&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;moor, promontory&#8217; +&nbsp;<em>*cel\u0131nn&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;holly&#8217; (W.&nbsp;<em>celynnen,&nbsp;<\/em>C.&nbsp;<em>kelynnen&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;holly tree&#8217;).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Tallentire<\/strong><\/td><td>Perhaps Cu.&nbsp;<em>*tal&nbsp;\u0131n tir&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;end of the land&#8217; with an early form of the definite article in&nbsp;<em>-n&nbsp;<\/em>(W.&nbsp;<em>t\u00e2l<\/em>&nbsp;&#8216;end, extremity, top, side; forehead, brow&#8217;,&nbsp;<em>tir&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;land, ground; estate; region&#8217;).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Terregles<\/strong><\/td><td>&#8216;Village with a church&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#tre%CE%B2\">tre\u03b2<\/a>&nbsp;\u0131r&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#egluis_\">egluis<\/a><\/em>.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Tinnis<\/strong><\/td><td>Occurs in several place names such as&nbsp;<strong>Tinnis Castle, Tinnis Burn, Tinnis Hill&nbsp;<\/strong>and&nbsp;<strong>Tinnis Farm<\/strong>. Probably Cu.&nbsp;<em>*dinas&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;fort&#8217; (W.&nbsp;<em>dinas&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;city, town; fortress, fort; refuge&#8217;).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Trabrown<\/strong><\/td><td>Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#tre%CE%B2\">tre\u03b2<\/a>&nbsp;\u0131r br\u0131nn<\/em>&nbsp;&#8216;village of the hill&#8217; (W.<em>&nbsp;bryn<\/em>&nbsp;&#8216;hill&#8217;).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Tranent<\/strong><\/td><td>Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#tre%CE%B2\">tre\u03b2<\/a>&nbsp;\u0131r neint&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;village of the streams\/valleys&#8217; (W.&nbsp;<em>nant&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;stream; valley&#8217;, pl.&nbsp;<em>naint<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>nans&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;vale&#8217;)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Traprain<\/strong><\/td><td>Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#tre%CE%B2\">tre\u03b2<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#prenn\">prenn<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;village by a tree&#8217;. Traprain Law appears to have been called&nbsp;<em>Dunpelder&nbsp;<\/em>or&nbsp;<em>Dunpendyrlaw&nbsp;<\/em>previously. If the former is correct, it may have the same meaning as&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#Drumpellier\">Drumpellier<\/a>. The latter could contain Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#penn_\">penn&nbsp;<\/a><\/em>and&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#tre%CE%B2\">tre\u03b2<\/a><\/em>, either meaning &#8216;chief village&#8217; (W.&nbsp;<em>pentref&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;village; chief town, capital&#8217;) or &#8216;hill of the village&#8217; with G.&nbsp;<em>d\u00f9n&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;fort&#8217; and OE.&nbsp;<em>hl\u01e3w&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;hill, mound&#8217; added later.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Traquair<\/strong><\/td><td>&#8216;Village on Quair Water&#8217; from Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#tre%CE%B2\">tre\u03b2<\/a>&nbsp;\u0131r&nbsp;<\/em>+ the river name. If this is correct, it shows an interesting use of the definite article, which does not appear before river names in Welsh.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Triermain<\/strong><\/td><td>Cu.&nbsp;<em>*<a href=\"http:\/\/www.old-north.co.uk\/Holding\/lang_placenames.html#tre%CE%B2\">tre\u03b2<\/a>&nbsp;\u0131r main&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;village of the stone&#8217; (W.&nbsp;<em>maen&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;stone&#8217;, C.&nbsp;<em>men, meyn<\/em>).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Troon<\/strong><\/td><td>Perhaps Cu.&nbsp;<em>*truin&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;nose&#8217; in reference to the headland (W.&nbsp;<em>trwyn<\/em>, C.&nbsp;<em>tron<\/em>).<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a>1<\/a>. MW.&nbsp;<em>pebyll<\/em>, the regular result of L.&nbsp;<em>papili\u014d<\/em>, was originally singular and had a plural<em>&nbsp;pebylleu<\/em>;the former was reinterpreted as a plural based on words such as&nbsp;<em>castell<\/em>, pl.&nbsp;<em>cestyll<\/em>&nbsp;and a new singular&nbsp;<em>pabell&nbsp;<\/em>was formed. Cu.&nbsp;<em>*peb\u0131ll&nbsp;<\/em>would therefore have meant &#8216;tent&#8217; not &#8216;tents&#8217;. The C.&nbsp;<em>pabel&nbsp;<\/em>seems to be borrowed from W.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Below is a non-exhaustive list of place names which have possible or probable Cumbric origins.&nbsp; The list doesn&#8217;t contain river&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":25,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/40"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=40"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/40\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":582,"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/40\/revisions\/582"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=40"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}