{"id":68,"date":"2020-01-20T08:47:36","date_gmt":"2020-01-20T08:47:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/?page_id=68"},"modified":"2022-04-18T08:13:29","modified_gmt":"2022-04-18T08:13:29","slug":"syncope","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/?page_id=68","title":{"rendered":"Syncope"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The suggestion that Cumbric syncopated syllables which remain in Welsh is based entirely on the example&nbsp;<em>galnes&nbsp;<\/em>or&nbsp;<em>galnys&nbsp;<\/em>from the&nbsp;<em>Leges inter Brettos et Scottos<\/em>, which is the equivalent of W.&nbsp;<em>galanas<\/em>.&nbsp; There is some further evidence, however:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>the name&nbsp;<strong>Calder<\/strong>&nbsp;(and Kielder, according to Ekwall), derived from Br.<em>&nbsp;*caleto-dubro-&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;hard water&#8217;, which gives W.&nbsp;<em>caletwr&nbsp;<\/em>via an earlier&nbsp;<em>*Caled&#8217;du\u03b2r<\/em>.&nbsp; All the early examples of this name in the Cumbric region are recorded with&nbsp;<em>ld<\/em>.<\/li><li>possibly&nbsp;<strong>Catterick<\/strong>&nbsp;(North Yorkshire), which is from L. c<em>ataracta&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;waterfall&#8217;.&nbsp; It is recorded in OE as&nbsp;<em>Cetreht&nbsp;<\/em>and in the Domesday Book as&nbsp;<em>Catrice<\/em>&nbsp;and is presumed to be the&nbsp;<em>Catraeth&nbsp;<\/em>of Aneirin&#8217;s&nbsp;<em>Y Gododdin<\/em>.&nbsp; Both English and Welsh forms show that the name was syncopated to&nbsp;<em>*Cad&#8217;ra\u03c7t&nbsp;<\/em>in British, which also accounts for the provection of internal<em>&nbsp;d.<\/em><\/li><li>perhaps&nbsp;<strong>Balornock<\/strong>&nbsp;(Glasgow) if it contains a name equivalent to W.&nbsp;<em>Llywernog<\/em>, OB.&nbsp;<em>Louuernoc&nbsp;<\/em>(&lt; Br.&nbsp;<em>*Luwern\u0101cos<\/em>, though this is far from certain.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Evidence against the theory is equally as rare and even more uncertain:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Drumpellier<\/strong>&nbsp;is recorded as&nbsp;<em>Dunpeleder&nbsp;<\/em>in 1203 and may contain W.&nbsp;<em>pelydr&nbsp;<\/em>&#8216;spear(s)&#8217; &lt; Br.&nbsp;<em>*palatr\u012b<\/em>, but even if this connection is correct this is really a di- not a tri-syllabic word.<\/li><li>If&nbsp;<strong>Lauder<\/strong>&nbsp;(<em>Louueder<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>Lawedir,<\/em>&nbsp;<em>Loweder&nbsp;<\/em>in 13th century records) is from Mills&#8217; Br.&nbsp;<em>*lowV-dubro-&nbsp;<\/em>then it suggests that normal British syncope of the connecting vowel did not occur &#8211; this can be seen in personal names such as W.&nbsp;<em>Dinogad&nbsp;<\/em>&lt; Br.&nbsp;<em>*D\u016bnocatus.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/em>However, if the name is from PC.&nbsp;<em>*lowatro-&nbsp;<\/em>(which is more likely), then syncope would not have occurred in any case.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>It is impossible to make a strong case for syncope being a regular sound law on such a poor evidence base, though there is no compelling reason to deny it as a possibility.&nbsp; The case for&nbsp;<em>galnes, galnys&nbsp;<\/em>seems self-evident.&nbsp; Syncope in this case must have occurred whilst the accent was still on the ultima, before the 11th century according to Jackson&#8217;s chronology for WCB, since stress was subsequently moved to the first syllable judging by the reduction of the second vowel.&nbsp; It is interesting that Cumbric apparently followed WCB in restoring the penultimate stress, even in the later stages of the language.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The suggestion that Cumbric syncopated syllables which remain in Welsh is based entirely on the example&nbsp;galnes&nbsp;or&nbsp;galnys&nbsp;from the&nbsp;Leges inter Brettos et&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":25,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/68"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=68"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/68\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":70,"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/68\/revisions\/70"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=68"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}