{"id":297,"date":"2021-05-26T18:28:45","date_gmt":"2021-05-26T18:28:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/?page_id=297"},"modified":"2021-05-26T18:53:26","modified_gmt":"2021-05-26T18:53:26","slug":"latin-borrowings-into-british","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/?page_id=297","title":{"rendered":"Latin Borrowings into British"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The Latin language left a considerable impression on British and its daughter languages. Principally, this influence came during the Roman Occupation (ad 55 – c.410) when parts of Britain were considerably Romanised. Although it could be said that Wales, Cornwall and the Cumbric Region were not as heavily Romanised as the south and east, the legacy of Roman Britain continued in these areas long after the legions had left. The language and culture of early medieval Britain was indellibly changed by contact with Rome and numerous words for new techonologies and objects entered British. The way medieval Brythonic languages were written shows direct continuity with the orthography of Romano-British writers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The establishment and growth of Christianity from the fourth century brought a whole raft of words connected with the church and learning. As with many European languages, the process of borrowing from Latin continued indefinitely, with more complex words entering the language throughout the medieval and modern periods. The influence of French is also apparent in all the modern Brythonic languages, particularly Breton and Cornish. In some cases words were borrowed more than once, as with L. papyrus giving W. pabwyr <\/em>and later papur<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The list below is not exhaustive, nor complete, but it gives an indication of the impact Latin had on the Brythonic languages and the kinds of words borrowed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Latin<\/th>Meaning<\/th>Brittonic<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
abb\u0101s<\/td>abbot<\/td>WB. abad<\/em>, C. abas <\/em>(from oblique)<\/td><\/tr>
abeced\u0101rium<\/td>alphabet<\/td>W. (e)gwyddor<\/em>, MW. agwyddawr<\/em> (< Br. *abec\u0113d\u0101rion<\/em>), C. abecedari <\/em>(late)<\/td><\/tr>
absentia<\/td>absence<\/td>W. absen <\/em>‘slander, absence’<\/td><\/tr>
abstr\u016bsus<\/td>deep, reserved<\/td>W. astrus <\/em>‘complex’<\/td><\/tr>
addiscere<\/td>learn more<\/td>W. addysg <\/em>‘education’, addysgu <\/em>‘teach’, C. adhyski <\/em>‘educate’<\/td><\/tr>
admissus (equus)<\/td>charging (horse}<\/td>W. emys <\/em>‘warhorses, chargers’<\/td><\/tr>
ad\u014drn\u0101re<\/td>decorate<\/td>W. addurnu <\/em>’embellish’<\/td><\/tr>
a\u0113r<\/td>air<\/td>W. awyr<\/em>, C. ayr<\/em>, B. aer<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
aggreg\u0101ti\u014d<\/td>gathering together<\/td>MW. achreawdyr<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
alt\u0101re<\/td>altar<\/td>W. allor<\/em>, C. alter<\/em>, B. aoter<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
amplus<\/td>great; abundant<\/td>W. aml <\/em>‘many, large, ample, abundant’<\/td><\/tr>
anchora<\/td>anchor<\/td>W. angor<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
angelus<\/td>angel<\/td>W. angel<\/em>, C. el<\/em>, B. ael<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
animal<\/td>animal<\/td>W. anifail<\/em>, C. eneval<\/em>, B. aneval<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
antec\u0113nium<\/td>lunch<\/td>W. ancwyn <\/em>‘dinner, supper; dessert’<\/td><\/tr>
ante tertiam<\/td>before three<\/td>W. anterth <\/em>‘height, prime’; C. androw<\/em>, B. enderv <\/em>‘afternoon’<\/td><\/tr>
antigraphum<\/td>transcript<\/td>W. engraifft <\/em>\u2020 (late)<\/td><\/tr>
ant\u012bquus<\/td>ancient<\/td>OB. entic<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
apostolus<\/td>apostle<\/td>WB. apostol<\/em>, C. abostel<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
aprilis<\/td>April<\/td>W. Ebrill<\/em>, CB. Ebrel<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
arca<\/td>box, ark<\/td>W. arch<\/em>, C. argh<\/em>, B. arc’h<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
archiepiscopus<\/td>archbishop<\/td>W. archesgob<\/em>, C. arghepskop<\/em>, B. arc’heskob<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
arma<\/td>arm, weapon<\/td>W. arf<\/em>, C. arv<\/em>, B. arm <\/em>(B. influenced by or borrowed from French)<\/td><\/tr>
ascendere<\/td>ascend<\/td>W. esgyn<\/em>, C. yskynna<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
asinus<\/td>ass<\/td>W. asyn<\/em>, C. asen<\/em>, B. azen<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
astella<\/td>splinter<\/td>W. astell <\/em>‘shelf, plank’<\/td><\/tr>
auctor<\/td>author<\/td>W. awdur<\/em>, C. awtour<\/em>, B. aozer <\/em>(late and artificial, from oblique)<\/td><\/tr>
augustus<\/td>August<\/td>W. Awst<\/em>, C. Est<\/em>, B. Eost <\/em>(< Br. *\u0100gustos<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
aurum<\/td>gold<\/td>W. aur<\/em>, C. owr<\/em>, B. aour<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
baculum<\/td>stick, staff<\/td>W. bagl <\/em>‘crook, crutch’<\/td><\/tr>
b\u0101iula<\/td>pail ?<\/td>W. baeol <\/em>‘pail, pot’<\/td><\/tr>
bapt\u012bz\u0101re<\/td>baptise<\/td>W. bedydd <\/em>‘baptism’, C. bedidhia<\/em>, B. badez<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
bapt\u012bz\u0101tus<\/td>baptized<\/td>W. bydysawd <\/em>‘Christendom’<\/td><\/tr>
barba<\/td>beard<\/td>W. barf<\/em>, CB. barv<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
bened\u012bcere<\/td>bless; praise<\/td>W. bendigedig <\/em>‘blessed’; C. benyga <\/em>‘bless’, B. benniga\u00f1 <\/em>‘bless’<\/td><\/tr>
benedicti\u014d<\/td>blessing<\/td>W. bendith<\/em>, C. bennath<\/em>, B. bennozh<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
beneficium<\/td>benefit, favour<\/td>W. benthyg <\/em>‘loan’<\/td><\/tr>
b\u0113stia<\/td>beast<\/td>W. bwyst<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
Biblia<\/td>Bible<\/td>W. Beibl<\/em>, C. Beybel<\/em>, B. Bibl<\/em> (all late)<\/td><\/tr>
bov\u012bnus<\/td>pertaining to cows<\/td>C. bewin<\/em>, B. bevin <\/em>‘beef’<\/td><\/tr>
bracchium<\/td>arm, branch<\/td>W. braich<\/em>, C. bregh<\/em>, B. brec’h<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
brassica<\/td>cabbage<\/td>W. bresych <\/em>‘cabbages’<\/td><\/tr>
b\u016bbalus<\/td>buffalo<\/td>W. bual<\/em> \u2020, CB. bual<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
bucca<\/td>cheek<\/td>WC. boch, <\/em>B. boc’h<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
caballus<\/td>horse<\/td>W. cefyll<\/em>, C. cevil<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
c\u00e6sellum<\/td>chisel<\/td>(VL. cisellum<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
calamus<\/td>stalk, reed<\/td>C. kala <\/em>‘straw’, B. kolo <\/em>‘straw’<\/td><\/tr>
calend\u00e6<\/td>Calends<\/td>W. calan<\/em>, CB. kalan <\/em>(< VL. Kaland<\/em>-)<\/td><\/tr>
calid\u0101ria<\/td>cooking pot<\/td>W. callor <\/em>\u2020, C. kawdarn <\/em>(from French) ‘cauldron’, B. kaoter<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
calix, calic-<\/td>wine cup<\/td>W. caregl <\/em>\u2020, <\/em>C. celegel <\/em>‘chalice’<\/td><\/tr>
callidus<\/td>skilful, clever<\/td>W. call <\/em>‘wise’, C. kall <\/em>‘cunning’<\/td><\/tr>
calx, calc-<\/td>lime, chalk<\/td>W. calch<\/em>, C. kalgh <\/em>‘lime’, B. kalc’h<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
camisia<\/td>shirt, tunic<\/td>C. hevis <\/em>‘blouse’, B. hiviz <\/em>(poss. via French or Old English)<\/td><\/tr>
campus<\/td>plain, sports field<\/td>W. camp <\/em>‘game, feat’, campwr <\/em>‘athlete’; C. campier <\/em>‘champion’, B. kamp <\/em>‘feat’<\/td><\/tr>
cancell\u0101rius<\/td>chancellor<\/td>W. canghellor<\/em>, B. ka\u00f1eller<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
cand\u0113la<\/td>candle<\/td>W. cannwyl<\/em>, C. kantol<\/em>, B. kantoel <\/em>(< Br. *cant\u0113l\u0101<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
capistrum<\/td>halter<\/td>W. cebystr <\/em>‘halter, tether’<\/td><\/tr>
capitulum<\/td>chapter<\/td>W. cabidwl<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
capt\u012bvit\u0101s<\/td>captivity<\/td>W. caethiwed<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
capt\u012bvus<\/td>captive<\/td>W. ceithiw <\/em>‘captivity; enslaved’<\/td><\/tr>
carcer<\/td>prison<\/td>W. carchar<\/em>; C. karhar <\/em>‘fetter, shackle’, B. karc’har<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
car\u0113num<\/td>sweet wine<\/td>W. cerwyn <\/em>‘vat, tun; wine-press’<\/td><\/tr>
c\u0101rit\u0101s<\/td>dearness; affection<\/td>W. cardod <\/em>‘charity’, B. karitez<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
carptus<\/td>plucked<\/td>W. carth <\/em>‘offscouring’, carthen <\/em>‘coarse cloth’, carthu <\/em>‘cleanse’; C. karth <\/em>‘cleansing’, B. karzh <\/em>‘cleaning’<\/td><\/tr>
c\u0101seus<\/td>cheese<\/td>W. caws<\/em>, C. keus<\/em>, B. keuz<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
castanea<\/td>chestnut (tree)<\/td>W. castan<\/em>, C. kesten<\/em>, B. kistin<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
castellum<\/td>castle<\/td>W. castell<\/em>, C. kastel<\/em>, B. kastell<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
cast\u012bg\u0101re<\/td>punish, reprove<\/td>W. castwyo <\/em>‘chastise’<\/td><\/tr>
castrum<\/td>fort, camp<\/td>W. caer <\/em>‘fort’ (either a very early loan from Latin or a native word)<\/td><\/tr>
casula<\/td>vestment<\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
cat\u0113na<\/td>chain, fetter<\/td>W. cadwyn<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
cathedra<\/td>chair<\/td>W. cadair<\/em>, CB. kador<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
catta<\/td>cat<\/td>W. cath<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
caucus<\/td>drinking vessel<\/td>W. cawg <\/em>‘bowl’ (Jackson says this is not a Latin loan)<\/td><\/tr>
caulis<\/td>cabbage<\/td>W. cawl <\/em>‘broth’; C. kowl <\/em>‘broth; cabbage, kale’, B. kaol<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
cavella<\/td>little cave<\/td>W. cawell<\/em>, C. kowel <\/em>‘basket’, B. kavell<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
cavit\u0101s<\/td>cavity<\/td>W. ceudod <\/em>(from oblique)<\/td><\/tr>
cavus<\/td>hollow; cavity<\/td>W. cau<\/em>, C. kowva<\/em> ‘cavity’, kow <\/em>‘hollow’, B. kev <\/em>‘cavity’<\/td><\/tr>
cella<\/td>cell, stall<\/td>W. cell<\/em>, CB. kell<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
c\u0113na<\/td>dinner<\/td>W. cwyn <\/em>‘meal’, cinio<\/em>, MC. kynyow<\/em>, C. kinnyow, <\/em>B. koania\u00f1<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
centrum<\/td>nail<\/td>W. cethr<\/em> \u2020, C. kenter<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
c\u0113ra<\/td>wax<\/td>W. cwyr<\/em>, C. kor<\/em>, B. koar<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
certus<\/td>fixed, determined<\/td>W. certh <\/em>‘awful, intense, keen’, B. kerzh <\/em>‘certainly’<\/td><\/tr>
Christi\u0101nus<\/td>Christian<\/td>W. Cristion<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
Christus<\/td>Christ<\/td>W. Crist<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
cingula<\/td>belt, girdle<\/td>W. cengl <\/em>‘girth, girdle’<\/td><\/tr>
cippus<\/td>stake; gravestone<\/td>W. cyff <\/em>‘stock, chest’; C. kyf <\/em>‘log’, B. kef<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
circulus<\/td>circle<\/td>OW. circhl<\/em>, B. kerl<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
cista<\/td>basket; chest<\/td>W. cest <\/em>‘belly, basket, hold’, cist <\/em>‘chest, box’ (the latter < ON. kista<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
civit\u0101s<\/td> community<\/td>W. ciwed <\/em>‘rabble’, ciwdod <\/em>\u2020 ‘people, race’, B. keoded <\/em>‘city’<\/td><\/tr>
classis<\/td>group, class<\/td>W. clas <\/em>‘cloister’, B. klas <\/em>‘class’<\/td><\/tr>
cl\u0113ricus<\/td>clergyman, clerk<\/td>OC. cloireg<\/em>, C. klorek<\/em>,B. kloarek<\/em>, OI cl\u00e9rech<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
cl\u0113rus<\/td>clergy<\/td>W. cloer <\/em>\u2020, <\/em>MW. clwyr. <\/em>B. kloer<\/em> pl of kloarek<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
clocca<\/td>bell<\/td>W. cloch<\/em>, C. klogh<\/em>, B. kloc’h <\/em>(this may be a Celtic word borrowed into Latin)<\/td><\/tr>
*cloppus<\/td>lame<\/td>W. cloff<\/em>, C. klof, kloppek <\/em>(cf. Fr. \u00e9clop\u00e9<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
co\u0101gulum<\/td>rennet<\/td>W. caul; ceulo<\/em>, C. kowla <\/em>‘curdle’, B. kaoul<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
coctus<\/td>well-considered<\/td>W. coeth <\/em>‘pure, fine, excellent’<\/td><\/tr>
columba<\/td>dove, pigeon<\/td>W. colomen<\/em>, C. kolom <\/em>‘pigeon’, B. koulm, kolom <\/em>‘dove’<\/td><\/tr>
columna<\/td>column<\/td>W. colofn<\/em>, C. koloven<\/em>, B. kolonenn<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
commend\u0101re<\/td>entrust, commit<\/td>W. cymynnwr <\/em>‘testator’; C. komendya <\/em>‘introduce, recommend, approve’<\/td><\/tr>
comp\u0101r<\/td>spouse; equal<\/td>W. cymar <\/em>‘partner, mate’ (from oblique), B. kempar<\/em>; C. kespar <\/em>‘mate’, B. ketpar<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
compar\u0101re<\/td>compare; match<\/td>W. cymharu <\/em>‘compare’, C. komparya <\/em>(late)<\/td><\/tr>
compellere<\/td>drive, compel<\/td>W. cymell<\/em>, C. kompella <\/em>(late)<\/td><\/tr>
*concausa<\/td>cause<\/td>W. cyngaws <\/em>\u2020 ‘lawsuit’<\/td><\/tr>
cond\u012bcere<\/td>agree on, promise<\/td>W. cynnig <\/em>‘attempt; offer’, C. kynnik<\/em> ‘offer’, B. kinnig <\/em>‘offer’<\/td><\/tr>
c\u014dnfecti\u014d<\/td>making; confection<\/td>W. cyffaith,<\/em> C. kyfeyth <\/em>‘confection’<\/td><\/tr>
c\u014dnfessi\u014d<\/td>confession<\/td>W. cyffes<\/em>, B. kofesion<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
congreg\u0101ti\u014d<\/td>union, society<\/td>W. cyngreawdr<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
congressus<\/td>meeting, union<\/td>W. cyngres <\/em>‘congress’<\/td><\/tr>
c\u014dnsecr\u0101re<\/td>consecrate<\/td>W. cysegru<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
c\u014dnsilium<\/td>council<\/td>W. cusyll <\/em>\u2020 ‘advice’, C. kussul <\/em>‘council; counsel, advice’, konsel <\/em>‘council’ (late), B. kuzul <\/em>‘council; advice’<\/td><\/tr>
c\u014dnstruenda<\/td>connecting<\/td>W. cystrawen <\/em>‘syntax, construction’<\/td><\/tr>
contr\u0101rius<\/td>opposite<\/td>W. cythrawl <\/em>‘devil’<\/td><\/tr>
coqu\u012bna<\/td>kitchen<\/td>W. cegin<\/em>, CB. kegin <\/em>(< Br. *coc\u012bn\u0101<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
coquus, coquere<\/td>cook<\/td>W. cog, cogi<\/em>, C. kog, kegi<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
corpus<\/td>body<\/td>W. corff<\/em>, CB. korf<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
cor\u014dna<\/td>crown<\/td>W. corun <\/em>‘crown (anat.)’, coron<\/em>, C. kurun<\/em>, B. kurunenn<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
corrigia<\/td>shoelace<\/td>OW. corruui<\/em>, W. carrai<\/em>, MB. coreenn<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
coxa<\/td>hip<\/td>W. coes <\/em>(may be cognate, cf. G. cas <\/em>‘foot’)<\/td><\/tr>
cre\u0101tor<\/td>creator<\/td>W. creawdwr <\/em>(from oblique), C. kreador<\/em>, B. krouer<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
cre\u0101t\u016bra<\/td>creature<\/td>W. creadur<\/em>, C. kreatur, <\/em>B. krouadur<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
crux, cruc-<\/td>cross, gallows<\/td>W. croes, crog<\/em>, C. krows<\/em>; krogbren <\/em>‘gallows’, B. kroaz<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
cubiculum<\/td>bedroom<\/td>W. cuddygl, cufygl <\/em>\u2020 ‘<\/em>cubicle’<\/td><\/tr>
cubitum<\/td>elbow; cubit<\/td>W. cufydd <\/em>‘cubit’<\/td><\/tr>
cucullus<\/td>hood, cowl<\/td>W. cwcwll<\/em>, C. kugol<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
culcita<\/td>mattress, pillow<\/td>W. cylched <\/em>\u2020, C. kolhes<\/em> ‘quilt’ B. golc’hed<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
cultellus<\/td>small knife<\/td>W. cyllell<\/em>, C. kollel<\/em>, B. kountell, kontell<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
culter<\/td>knife, razor<\/td>W. cwlltr <\/em>‘coulter’<\/td><\/tr>
cumulus<\/td>heap, mass<\/td>W. cwmwl<\/em>, C. komolen<\/em>, B. koumoul <\/em>‘cloud’<\/td><\/tr>
cuneus<\/td>wedge<\/td>W. c\u0177n <\/em>‘chisel’<\/td><\/tr>
cun\u012bculus<\/td>rabbit<\/td>W. cwningen<\/em>, C. konin<\/em>, B. konifl, konikl <\/em>(late, prob via English < French)<\/td><\/tr>
c\u016bpa<\/td>vat, tun<\/td>W. cib <\/em>‘pod, husk’, B. kib <\/em>‘cup’<\/td><\/tr>
cupidus<\/td>lustful, greedy<\/td>W. cybydd <\/em>‘miser’<\/td><\/tr>
c\u016bra<\/td>care, trouble, anxiety<\/td>W. cur <\/em>‘anxiety; ache’; CB. kur <\/em>‘cure’<\/td><\/tr>
decim\u0101re<\/td>pay tithes<\/td>C. degevi<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
decimus, decumus<\/td>tithe<\/td>W. degwm, <\/em>C. dega<\/em>, B. deog<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
defectus<\/td>weak, failing<\/td>W. diffaith <\/em>‘waste, barren’, C. difeyth <\/em>‘waste’<\/td><\/tr>
d\u0113fendere<\/td>defend, repel<\/td>W. diffynnydd, <\/em>C. difenner <\/em>‘defendant’, B. difenn <\/em>‘defend’<\/td><\/tr>
d\u0113ficere<\/td>fail; be lacking<\/td>W. diffyg <\/em>‘lack’;C. difygya<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
d\u0113fin\u012bre<\/td>define, limit<\/td>W. diffinio<\/em>, B. difin <\/em>‘result’<\/td><\/tr>
d\u0113l\u0113re<\/td>annihilate; blot out<\/td>W. dileu<\/em>, C. dilea <\/em>‘delete’<\/td><\/tr>
d\u0113n\u0101rius<\/td>silver coin<\/td>C. diner <\/em>‘penny’; B. diner <\/em>‘denarius’<\/td><\/tr>
d\u0113nsus<\/td>thick, dense<\/td>W. dwys<\/em>, C. doos<\/em>, B. doues<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
d\u0113pendere<\/td>depend<\/td>W. dibynnu<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
d\u0113scendere<\/td>descend<\/td>W. disgyn, <\/em>C. diskynna<\/em>, B. diskenn<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
d\u0113sertum<\/td>desert, wasteland<\/td>W. diserth <\/em>\u2020, B. dezerzh<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
d\u0113spectus<\/td>despised<\/td>C. dyspyth, despit <\/em>(poss. late)<\/td><\/tr>
d\u0113still\u0101re<\/td>drop down, distil<\/td>W. distyll, distyllu <\/em>‘distil’<\/td><\/tr>
d\u0113struere<\/td>demolish, destroy<\/td>W. distryw <\/em>‘destruction’, C. distrui <\/em>‘destroy’, B. distruja\u00f1<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
d\u0113subit\u014d<\/td>all of a sudden<\/td>W. disyfyd <\/em>‘sudden’<\/td><\/tr>
diabolus<\/td>devil<\/td>W. diawl, diafol<\/em>, C. jowl<\/em>, B. diaoul<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
di\u0101conus<\/td>deacon<\/td>W. diacon<\/em>, OC. diagon<\/em>, B. diagon<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
d\u012bluvium<\/td>flood, deluge<\/td>W. dilyw<\/em>, C. dial<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
d\u012bmidium<\/td>half<\/td>W. dimai<\/em>, C. demma <\/em>‘half-penny’ (late, perhaps from French demi<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
discere<\/td>learn<\/td>W. dysgu<\/em>, C. dyski<\/em>, B. deski\u00f1<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
discipulus<\/td>pupil, disciple<\/td>W. disgybl<\/em>, C. dyskybel<\/em>, B. diskibl<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
diurn\u0101ta<\/td>day, daytale<\/td>W. diwrnod<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
d\u012bv\u012bnus<\/td>soothsayer<\/td>W. dewin<\/em>, B. devi\u00f1<\/em>, dewi\u00f1<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
d\u012bvisus<\/td>division<\/td>WC. dewis <\/em>‘choice’, <\/em>B. diuz<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
doctor<\/td>teacher<\/td>W. doethor, doethur <\/em>‘doctor, teacher’<\/td><\/tr>
doctus<\/td>learned, skilled<\/td>W. doeth<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
dolor, dol\u014dr-<\/td>sorrow, pain<\/td>W. dolur <\/em>(from oblique), C. dolor<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
dol\u014dr\u014dsus<\/td>painful, sorrowful<\/td>W. dolurus<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
drac\u014d<\/td>dragon<\/td>W. draig<\/em>, CB. dragon<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
d\u016brus<\/td>hard, tough<\/td>WC. dur <\/em>‘steel’, B. dir <\/em>‘steel’<\/td><\/tr>
eccl\u0113sia<\/td>church<\/td>W. eglwys<\/em>, C. eglos<\/em>, B. iliz <\/em>(< Br. *ecl\u0113sj\u0101<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
Ele\u0113mosyna<\/td>alms, almshouse<\/td>W. elusen <\/em>‘alms’<\/td><\/tr>
elementum<\/td>element<\/td>W. elfen<\/em>, C. elven<\/em>, B. elvenn<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
episcopus<\/td>bishop<\/td>W. esgob<\/em>, C. epskop<\/em>, B. ekob<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
\u0113vangelium<\/td>Gospel<\/td>W. efengyl<\/em>, C. aweyl<\/em>, B. aviel<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
excommuni\u014d<\/td>excommunicate<\/td>W. esgymun, ysgymun<\/em>, C. emskemuna<\/em>, B. eskumunuga\u00f1<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
exc\u016bs\u0101re<\/td>excuse, apologise for<\/td>W. esgus<\/em>, C. askus, askusya<\/em>, B. iskuz, iskuzi\u00f1<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
exec\u016btus<\/td>pursued; executed<\/td>W. esgud <\/em>‘active, quick’, C. uskis <\/em>‘fast, rapid’, B. eskuit <\/em>‘prompt’<\/td><\/tr>
exiguitas<\/td>smallness<\/td>MW. eissywet <\/em>‘lack, want’<\/td><\/tr>
exiguus<\/td>small, meagre<\/td>W. eisiau <\/em>‘want’<\/td><\/tr>
exor\u012br\u012b, exortus<\/td>rise, arise; risen<\/td>C. sordya <\/em>‘arise; raised’<\/td><\/tr>
extendere<\/td>extend, stretch out<\/td>W. estyn<\/em>, C. ystyn <\/em>‘reach, extend’, B. astenn<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
extr\u0101neus<\/td>stranger<\/td>W. estron<\/em>, CB. estren<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
faba<\/td>bean<\/td>W. ffeuen, ffa<\/em>, C. faven<\/em>, B. fav, faw<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
factus<\/td>made<\/td>W. ffaeth <\/em>\u2020’cultivated’, C. feyth <\/em>‘fertile’<\/td><\/tr>
facula<\/td>little torch<\/td>W. ffagl <\/em>‘torch, flame’, C. faglen <\/em>‘torch’<\/td><\/tr>
f\u0101gus<\/td>beech<\/td>W. ffawydden<\/em>, C. fawen<\/em>, B. fav, faou<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
falsus<\/td>false<\/td>W. ffals<\/em>, B. faos<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
fascis<\/td>bundle, faggot<\/td>W. ffasg<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
febru\u0101rius<\/td>February<\/td>W. Chwefror<\/em>, C. Hwevrer, -l<\/em>, B. C’hwevrer<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
fenestra<\/td>window<\/td>W. ffenestr<\/em>, C. fenester<\/em>, B. fenestr<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
feniculum<\/td>fennel<\/td>W. ffenigl<\/em>, C. fenogel<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
f\u0113num, f\u00e6num<\/td>hay<\/td>C. foon <\/em>‘new-mown hay’, B. foenn <\/em>‘hay’<\/td><\/tr>
ferr\u0101rius<\/td>blacksmith<\/td>C. ferror<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
fest\u012bn\u0101re<\/td>hurry, make haste<\/td>C. fistena<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
f\u012bbula<\/td>clasp, brooch<\/td>W. hual<\/em>, C. fu <\/em>‘fetter, shackle’, B. hual<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
fid\u0113s<\/td>faith, trust<\/td>W. ffydd<\/em>, C. fydh<\/em>, B. feiz, fez<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
f\u012bnis<\/td>boundary, limit<\/td>W. ffin<\/em>, CB. fin<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
firm\u0101mentum<\/td>support<\/td>W. ffurfafen <\/em>‘firmament, sky’; C. firmament,<\/em> B. firmanant <\/em>(late)<\/td><\/tr>
firmus<\/td>stable; powerful<\/td>W. ffyrf<\/em>, C. fyrv<\/em>, B. ferv<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
flagellum<\/td>whip<\/td>W. frewyll<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
flagr\u0101re<\/td>blaze, burn<\/td>W. fflerio <\/em>‘flare’; perhaps C. flerya <\/em>‘smell, stink’, B. flaeria\u00f1 <\/em>‘stink’<\/td><\/tr>
flamma<\/td>flame<\/td>W. fflam<\/em>, CB. flamm<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
focus<\/td>hearth, fireplace<\/td>C. fog<\/em> ‘focus, furnace, hearth’<\/td><\/tr>
font\u0101na<\/td>fountain, spring<\/td>W. ffynnon<\/em>, C. fenten<\/em>, B. feuteun<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
f\u014drma<\/td>form, shape<\/td>W. ffurf<\/em>, C. furv<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
fossa<\/td>ditch, trench<\/td>W. ffos<\/em>, B. foz; <\/em>C. fos <\/em>‘wall’<\/td><\/tr>
fovea<\/td>pit<\/td>W. ffau<\/em>, C. fow<\/em>, B.<\/em> fav<\/em> ‘den, lair’ (< Br. *fowj\u0101<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
fr\u0113num<\/td>bridle<\/td>W. ffrwyn<\/em>, C. fruyn <\/em>(*froon<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
fructus<\/td>fruit<\/td>W. ffrwyth<\/em>, C. frooth<\/em>, B. frouezh<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
f\u016bcus<\/td>deceit<\/td>W. ffug<\/em>, C. fug<\/em> ‘counterfeit, fake; fictitious’<\/td><\/tr>
fuga<\/td>flight, escape<\/td>W. ffo<\/em>, C. fo<\/em>, B. fu<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
f\u016bnis<\/td>rope, cord<\/td>W. ffun<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
f\u016br<\/td>thief<\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
furca<\/td>fork<\/td>W. ffwrch<\/em>, C. forgh<\/em>, B. forc’h<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
furnus<\/td>oven<\/td>W. ffwrn<\/em>, C. forn<\/em>, B. forn, fourn<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
f\u016bstis<\/td>stick, club, cudgel<\/td>W. ffust <\/em>‘flail’, C. fust <\/em>‘club, cudgel’, B. fust <\/em>‘handle’<\/td><\/tr>
gemellus<\/td>twin<\/td>W. gefell<\/em>, C. gevel<\/em>, B. gevell<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
gemma<\/td>gem, jewel<\/td>W. gem<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
gl\u016bten<\/td>glue<\/td>WB. glud<\/em>, C. glus<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
gradus<\/td>step, degree<\/td>W. gradd<\/em>, C. gradh<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
grammatica<\/td>grammar<\/td>WB. gramadeg<\/em>, C. gramasek<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
graphium<\/td>stylus; pencil<\/td>W. graiff(t) <\/em>‘pen, pencil’<\/td><\/tr>
gr\u0101tia<\/td>grace, favour<\/td>WCB. gras <\/em>(prob. from ME or OF grace<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
grex, greg-<\/td>flock, herd; troop<\/td>WCB. gre<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
hab\u0113na<\/td>strap, reins<\/td>W. awen<\/em>, MW. afwyn<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
hanaperium<\/td>large vase<\/td>C. hanaf <\/em>‘drinking cup’ (prob from French hanap <\/em>‘goblet’)<\/td><\/tr>
historia<\/td>history; inquiry<\/td>W. ystyr<\/em>, C. styr <\/em>‘meaning’<\/td><\/tr>
honestus<\/td>honored, respectable<\/td>W. (g)onest<\/em>, CB. onest<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
h\u014dra<\/td>hour<\/td>W. awr<\/em>, C. our<\/em>, B. eur<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
hospes<\/td>host, visitor, friend, stranger<\/td>W. osb <\/em>‘guest, lodger; stranger’<\/td><\/tr>
hospitium<\/td>hospitality; lodging<\/td>W. ysbyty<\/em>, B. ospital<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
humilis<\/td>humble, lowly<\/td>W. ufyll <\/em>\u2020, CB. uvel<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
i\u0101nu\u0101rius <\/td>January<\/td>W. Ionawr;<\/em> CB. Genver <\/em>(via French)<\/td><\/tr>
im\u0101g\u014d, imagin-<\/td>likeness, image<\/td>C. aven<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
imper\u0101tor<\/td>emperor<\/td>W. ymerawdwr, ymherodr <\/em>(from oblique); C. emperour<\/em>, B. ampereur, impalaer <\/em>(via French or English)<\/td><\/tr>
inc\u0113nsum<\/td>incense<\/td>C. encois<\/em>, B. eza\u00f1(s)<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
increpitus<\/td>rebuked<\/td>MW. anghreith<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
indulgens<\/td>indulgent, kind<\/td>W. annwyl <\/em>‘dear’ (? < Br. *induglens<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
inferna<\/td>hell<\/td>W. uffern<\/em>, C. yfarn<\/em>, B. ifern<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
initium<\/td>beginning; Shrovetide<\/td>W. Ynyd<\/em>, C. Enes<\/em>, B. Ened<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
iovis<\/td>Jupiter<\/td>W. Iau<\/em>, C. Yow<\/em>, B. Yaou<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
iugum<\/td>yoke<\/td>W. iau<\/em>, C. yew<\/em>, B. yev<\/em> (may be cognate)<\/td><\/tr>
iusculum<\/td>soup<\/td>W. isgell<\/em>, OC. iskel<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
labor<\/td>labour; work<\/td>W. llafur<\/em>, C. lavur <\/em>(from oblique)<\/td><\/tr>
lab\u014dri\u014dsus<\/td>difficult; industrious<\/td>W. llafurus<\/em>, MW. llafuryus<\/em>; C. lavurys <\/em>‘worn out’<\/td><\/tr>
l\u0101icus<\/td>lay, unconsecrated<\/td>W. lleyg, <\/em>C. leg<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
l\u0101mina<\/td>plate, blade<\/td>W. llafn<\/em>, C. lown<\/em>, B. lavn, laon<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
largus<\/td>copious; liberal<\/td>MW. llary <\/em>‘generous’, W. llariaidd <\/em>‘meek’<\/td><\/tr>
latex<\/td>water, liquid<\/td>C. las <\/em>‘liquor’<\/td><\/tr>
Lat\u012bna<\/td>Latin<\/td>W. Lladin<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
latr\u014d<\/td>mercenary; brigand<\/td>W. lleidr<\/em>, C. lader<\/em>, B. l\u00e2er <\/em>‘thief’<\/td><\/tr>
laus, laud-<\/td>praise<\/td>W. llawdd <\/em>\u2020<\/td><\/tr>
laurus<\/td>bay tree<\/td>W. llawrwydden, llawryf<\/em>, B. lore<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
laxus<\/td>wide; loose; free<\/td>W. llaes<\/em>, C. lows<\/em>, B. ? loask<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
lect\u012bca<\/td>litter, sedan<\/td>W. lleithig<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
l\u0113cti\u014d<\/td>reading<\/td>W. llith <\/em>‘lesson’<\/td><\/tr>
l\u0113g\u0101lis<\/td>legal, lawful<\/td>C. lel <\/em>‘loyal, trusty, genuine’ B. leal <\/em>‘loyal’ (perh. from OF. leal<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
legendus<\/td>a thing to be read<\/td>W. ll\u00ean<\/em>, C. lien, <\/em>B. lenn <\/em>‘literature’<\/td><\/tr>
legere<\/td>read, recite<\/td>W. lleu <\/em>‘read’<\/td><\/tr>
legi\u014dn\u0113s<\/td>legions<\/td>W. lleon, lleion<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
le\u014d<\/td>lion<\/td>W. llew<\/em>, C. lew<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
liber<\/td>book<\/td>W. llyfr<\/em>, C. lyver<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
lignum<\/td>wood, firewood<\/td>W. llwyn <\/em>‘grove, bush’ (may be native)<\/td><\/tr>
l\u012bnea<\/td>thread, line<\/td>W. llin, llinell, llinyn <\/em>‘line’<\/td><\/tr>
l\u012bnum<\/td>flax; linen<\/td>W. llin <\/em>‘flax, linen’<\/td><\/tr>
littera<\/td>letter<\/td>W. llythyr<\/em>, C. lyther<\/em>, B. lizher<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
lixivium<\/td>lye<\/td>OW. lissiu<\/em>, W. lleisw, <\/em>OB. lisiu<\/em>, B. lisiou<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
loc\u0101re<\/td>lease, hire out; invest<\/td>W. llog <\/em>‘interest’, llogi <\/em>‘hire’<\/td><\/tr>
loculus<\/td>little place<\/td>C. logel <\/em>‘coffin’<\/td><\/tr>
longa n\u0101vis<\/td>warship<\/td>W. llong <\/em>(some argue that this is a native word)<\/td><\/tr>
lucerna<\/td>lamp<\/td>W. llusern <\/em>(prob from OF lucerne <\/em>or ML); C. lugarn<\/em>; B. lugern ‘<\/em>brilliant’<\/td><\/tr>
l\u016bna<\/td>moon<\/td>W. Llun<\/em>, CB. Lun<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
l\u014dr\u012bca<\/td>breasplate<\/td>W. llurig<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
m\u0101ceria<\/td>wall<\/td>W. magwyr<\/em>, B. moger, magoar<\/em>; C. magor <\/em>‘ruin’ (< L. mac\u0113ria)<\/td><\/tr>
macula<\/td>spot, stain
mesh<\/td>		MW. [m]aglei <\/em>‘stained’, B. magl <\/em>‘lozenge’
W. magl <\/em>‘snare’, C. maglen <\/em>‘trap’<\/td><\/tr>
magister<\/td>master<\/td>W. meister<\/em>, C. mester<\/em>, B. mestr<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
m\u0101ior<\/td>elder<\/td>WB. maer<\/em>, C. mer <\/em>‘mayor’<\/td><\/tr>
maius<\/td>May<\/td>W. Mai<\/em>, C. Me<\/em>, B. Mae<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
maled\u012bcere<\/td>slander; curse<\/td>W. melltigo <\/em>‘curse, slander’<\/td><\/tr>
maledictum<\/td>curse<\/td>W. melltith<\/em>, C. molleth<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
malignus<\/td>unkind, ill-natured<\/td>W. malen <\/em>‘evil, cursed’, MW. malaen<\/em>; C. malan <\/em>‘devil’<\/td><\/tr>
manic\u00e6<\/td>gloves<\/td>WB. maneg<\/em>, C. manek<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
mant\u0113llum<\/td>cloak<\/td>WB. mantell<\/em>, C. mantel<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
man\u016bbrium<\/td>handle<\/td>W. mynybr <\/em>\u2020 ‘hilt, handle’<\/td><\/tr>
margar\u012bta<\/td>pearl<\/td>W. mererid <\/em>\u2020<\/td><\/tr>
Mars, mart-<\/td>Mars<\/td>W. Mawrth<\/em>, C. Meurth<\/em>, B. Meurzh<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
martyr<\/td>martyr<\/td>W. merthyr<\/em>, C. merther<\/em>, B. merzher<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
martyrium<\/td>martyr’s grave<\/td>W. merthyr <\/em>‘sanctified cemetary’<\/td><\/tr>
m\u0101t\u016bt\u012bnum<\/td>morning, early<\/td>W. ers meitin <\/em>‘a good while since’; C. myttin<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
medicus<\/td>doctor<\/td>W. meddyg<\/em>, C. medhek<\/em>, B. mezeg<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
memoria<\/td>memory, remembrance<\/td>W. myfyr <\/em>‘meditation’<\/td><\/tr>
m\u0113nsa<\/td>table; course<\/td>W. mwys <\/em>\u2020, <\/em>C. moos<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
m\u0113ns\u016bra<\/td>measure(ment)<\/td>W. mesur<\/em>, C. musur<\/em>, B. muzul, muzur <\/em>(< L. m\u0113s\u016bra<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
merc\u0101tus<\/td>market, fair; trade<\/td>W. marchnad<\/em>, C. marhas<\/em>, B. marc’had<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
mercurius<\/td>Mercury<\/td>W. Mercher<\/em>, C. Merher<\/em>, B. Merc’her<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
m\u012bles<\/td>soldier<\/td>W. milwr<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
m\u012blit\u0101ris<\/td>military; soldier<\/td>W. miledawr <\/em>‘host, warband, army’<\/td><\/tr>
m\u012blle, m\u012blia<\/td>thousand; mile(s)<\/td>WCB. mil <\/em>(from the plural), W. milltir<\/em>, C. mildir<\/em>, B. miltir <\/em>(from singular)<\/td><\/tr>
minister<\/td>servant, attendant<\/td>C. menyster, <\/em>B. ministr <\/em>‘minister’<\/td><\/tr>
m\u012brandus<\/td>wonderful<\/td>W. mirain <\/em>‘comely’<\/td><\/tr>
m\u012br\u0101r\u012b<\/td>wonder, be surprised<\/td>C. mires <\/em>‘look, see, behold’<\/td><\/tr>
modus<\/td>way, method<\/td>W. modd<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
mol\u012bna<\/td>mill<\/td>WCB. melin<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
monachus<\/td>monk<\/td>W. mynach<\/em>, C. managh<\/em>, B. manac’h<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
monumentum<\/td>memorial<\/td>W. mynwent <\/em>‘graveyard’ (from plural)<\/td><\/tr>
m\u016blus<\/td>mule<\/td>W. mul<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
m\u016brus<\/td>wall<\/td>WB. mur<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
m\u016bsculus<\/td>mouse; muscle<\/td>W. misglen<\/em>, C. mesklen<\/em>, B. meskl <\/em>‘mussel’<\/td><\/tr>
m\u016bt\u0101re<\/td>change, exchange<\/td>W. mudo <\/em>‘move, emigrate’<\/td><\/tr>
m\u016btus<\/td>dumb, mute<\/td>WB. mud<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
myrrh<\/td>myrrh<\/td>W. myrr, <\/em>C. mer<\/em>, B. mirr<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
n\u0101t\u0101l\u012bcia<\/td>Christmas<\/td>W. Nadolig<\/em>, C. Nadelik<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
n\u0101t\u016bra<\/td>nature<\/td>WCB. natur <\/em>(late)<\/td><\/tr>
nebula<\/td>mist, vapour, cloud<\/td>WC. niwl<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
n\u014dna<\/td>ninth hour<\/td>W. nawn<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
nota<\/td>note, mark<\/td>W. nod<\/em>, C. nos<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
numerus<\/td>number<\/td>W. nifer<\/em>, C. niver<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
nupti\u0101lia<\/td>wedding feast<\/td>W. neithior<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
occ\u0101si\u014d<\/td>opportunity<\/td>W. achos <\/em>’cause’, C. acheson <\/em>‘motive, reason’<\/td><\/tr>
occl\u016bdere<\/td>shut up, stop<\/td>W. machlud <\/em>‘set’<\/td><\/tr>
occup\u0101re<\/td>seize, occupy<\/td>W. achub <\/em>‘save’<\/td><\/tr>
\u014dceanus<\/td>ocean<\/td>W. eigion<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
\u014dda<\/td>ode<\/td>W. awdl<\/em>, C. od <\/em>(all late)<\/td><\/tr>
offerendus<\/td>thing to be offered<\/td>W. offeren <\/em>‘mass’, C. oferen<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
oleum<\/td>oil<\/td>WC. olew<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
opera<\/td>work<\/td>C. ober<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
\u014dr\u0101ti\u014d<\/td>speech; oration<\/td>W. arawd<\/em>;MB. euret <\/em>‘marriage’<\/td><\/tr>
\u014dr\u0101tor<\/td>speaker<\/td>W. arawdr<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
\u014drd\u014d<\/td>line, order, rank<\/td>W. urdd <\/em>‘order, rank’, C. urdh <\/em>‘order’, B. urzh <\/em>‘order’<\/td><\/tr>
organum<\/td>organ, instrument<\/td>WC. organ<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
orthographia<\/td>orthography<\/td>W. orgraff <\/em>(late)<\/td><\/tr>
ostrea<\/td>oyster, mussel<\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
p\u00e6nit\u0113re<\/td>regret, be sorry<\/td>W. penyd <\/em>‘penance’, C. penys <\/em>‘do penance’<\/td><\/tr>
p\u0101gus<\/td>country, district<\/td>W. pau<\/em>, C. pow<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
pal\u0101tium<\/td>palace<\/td>W. palas, plas<\/em>, C. palys <\/em>(from or influenced by ML or OF palais<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
palla, pallium<\/td>robe; cloak<\/td>C. pall <\/em>‘mantle’<\/td><\/tr>
palma<\/td>palm<\/td>W. palf<\/em>, C. palv<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
pannus<\/td>piece of cloth<\/td>W. pannu <\/em>‘full’, C. pan <\/em>‘cloth’<\/td><\/tr>
p\u0101pa<\/td>pope<\/td>WCB. pab<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
pap\u0101ver<\/td>poppy<\/td>W. pabi <\/em>(probably influenced by Eng. poppy<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
p\u0101pili\u014d<\/td>butterfly<\/td>W. pabell <\/em>‘tent’ (< Br. papili\u014d<\/em>. The W. singular is a back-formation from pebyll<\/em>, assumed to be a plural)<\/td><\/tr>
papyrus<\/td>papyrus, paper<\/td>W. pabwyr <\/em>‘rushes’; papur, <\/em>C. paper <\/em>‘paper’ (late)<\/td><\/tr>
p\u0101r, par-<\/td>equal, like; partner<\/td>W. p\u00e2r <\/em>‘pair’, C. par <\/em>‘equal’; W parhau <\/em>‘continue’ (< Br. *paros agame<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
parabola<\/td>comparison; parable<\/td>W. parabl <\/em>‘speech’; C. parabyl, parabolen<\/em> ‘parable’<\/td><\/tr>
parad\u012bsus<\/td>park; paradise<\/td>W. paradwys <\/em>(< L. *<\/em>parad\u0113sus), C. paradhis<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
par\u0101tus<\/td>ready; equipped<\/td>W. parod<\/em>, paratoi<\/em> ‘prepare’, C. pareusi <\/em>‘prepare’<\/td><\/tr>
pari\u0113s, pariet-<\/td>wall<\/td>W. pared <\/em>(< Br. *paretem), parwydydd<\/em>, C. paros<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
pars, part-<\/td>part, share<\/td>WC. parth<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
pascere<\/td>feed, put to graze<\/td>W. pasgedig <\/em>‘fatted’<\/td><\/tr>
Pascha<\/td>Easter<\/td>W. Pasg<\/em>, C. Pask<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
pastinaca<\/td>parsnip<\/td>W. panasen<\/em>, C. panesen <\/em>(by metathesis)<\/td><\/tr>
patella<\/td>small dish, plate<\/td>W. padell<\/em>, C. padel<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
pater noster<\/td>our father<\/td>WC. Pader<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
p\u0101v\u014d<\/td>peacock<\/td>W. paun<\/em>, C. payon<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
p\u0101x, p\u0101c-<\/td>[kiss of] peace<\/td>W. pocio<\/em> ‘to kiss’, pacs <\/em>‘kiss of peace’ (late), B. pok <\/em>‘kiss’<\/td><\/tr>
pecc\u0101tor<\/td>sinner<\/td>W. pechadur<\/em>, C. pehador <\/em>(from oblique)<\/td><\/tr>
pecc\u0101tum<\/td>mistake, sin<\/td>W. pechod<\/em>, C. pehes<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
ped\u0101lis<\/td>a foot long<\/td>W. pedol <\/em>‘horseshoe’<\/td><\/tr>
pedester<\/td>pedestrian<\/td>W. peddest <\/em>‘pedestrian, footman; foot soldier’<\/td><\/tr>
pedes, pedit-<\/td>walker, foot soldier<\/td>W. peddyd <\/em>‘foot soldier, pedestrian’<\/td><\/tr>
penna, pinna<\/td>feather; pen<\/td>W. pin <\/em>‘pen, stylus’<\/td><\/tr>
p\u0113nsum<\/td>weight<\/td>W. pwys<\/em>, C. poos <\/em>(< VL. p\u0113sum)<\/td><\/tr>
pentecost<\/td>Pentecost<\/td>C. Penkost <\/em>(probably late or learned)<\/td><\/tr>
peregr\u012bnus<\/td>foreigner<\/td>W. pererin<\/em>, C. perherin<\/em> ‘pilgrim’ (< Br. *perger\u012bnos<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
perfectus<\/td>complete, perfect<\/td>W. perffaith<\/em>, C. perfydh<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
per\u012bclum<\/td>danger, risk<\/td>W. perigl<\/em>, C. peryl <\/em>(influenced by OF peril<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
per medius<\/td>through the middle<\/td>W. perfedd <\/em>‘entrails’, C. pervedh <\/em>‘interior’<\/td><\/tr>
pers\u014dna<\/td>person<\/td>WC. person<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
pertin\u0113re<\/td>concern; belong<\/td>W. perthyn<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
petere<\/td>seek, look for, demand<\/td>C. pesi <\/em>‘pray’<\/td><\/tr>
pexa (tunica)<\/td>carded (tunic)<\/td>W. pais <\/em>‘petticoat’, C. pows <\/em>‘dress, frock’<\/td><\/tr>
phiala<\/td>saucer<\/td>W. ffiol <\/em>‘vial, bowl’, C. fiol <\/em>\u2020 ‘cup’<\/td><\/tr>
pila<\/td>ball<\/td>W. p\u00eal<\/em>, C. pel<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
p\u012bnus<\/td>pine<\/td>W. p\u00een<\/em>, C. pin<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
p\u012bpa<\/td>pipe<\/td>W. pibell<\/em>, pib<\/em>, C. pibel, pib<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
piper<\/td>pepper<\/td>W. pupur, pybyr<\/em>, C. puber <\/em>(probably late, perhaps influenced by Eng.; \u2039u<\/em>\u203a is due to the adjacent labials, cf.W. pump < pymp<\/em>).<\/td><\/tr>
pirum, pirus<\/td>pear (tree)<\/td>WC. peren <\/em>(from VL. *<\/em>pera)<\/td><\/tr>
pisa, pisum<\/td>pea<\/td>W. pysen<\/em>, C. pesen<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
pisc\u0101tor<\/td>fisherman<\/td>W. pysgodwr, pysgotwr<\/em>, C. pyskador<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
piscis, pisc\u0101tus<\/td>fish<\/td>W. pysgod, pysg<\/em>, C. pysk<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
pix, pic-<\/td>pitch<\/td>WC. pyg<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
placitus<\/td>pleasing; principle<\/td>W. oblegid <\/em>‘because’, C. plegadow <\/em>‘pleasing’<\/td><\/tr>
pl\u0101ga<\/td>blow, wound; plague<\/td>WC. pla<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
planta<\/td>shoot, slip; sole<\/td>W. planhigyn<\/em>, C. plans <\/em>‘plant’<\/td><\/tr>
pl\u0113bs<\/td>common people<\/td>W. plwyf<\/em>, C. pluw <\/em>‘parish’<\/td><\/tr>
plectere<\/td>plait, braid<\/td>WC. pleth <\/em>‘plait’ (n.)<\/td><\/tr>
plicitum<\/td>folded<\/td>W. plith <\/em>‘midst’ (< Br. plict-<\/em>) ?<\/td><\/tr>
plic\u0101re<\/td>fold<\/td>W. plygu<\/em>, C. plegya<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
pl\u016bma<\/td>soft feather<\/td>W. pluen<\/em>, C. pluven<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
plumbum<\/td>lead<\/td>W. plwm<\/em>, C. plomm<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
p\u0153na<\/td>penalty, punishment<\/td>W. poen<\/em>, C. pon, payn <\/em>(latter from OF peine<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
pollen<\/td>fine flour<\/td>W. paill <\/em>‘flour, pollen’<\/td><\/tr>
pondus, ponder-<\/td>weight, burden<\/td>W. pwnn, pynner<\/em>, B. pounner <\/em>‘heavy’<\/td><\/tr>
pons, pont-<\/td>bridge<\/td>W. pont<\/em>, C. pons<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
populus<\/td>people, nation<\/td>W. pobl<\/em>, C. pobel <\/em>(< Br. *poplos<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
porcellus<\/td>little pig<\/td>W. porchell<\/em>, C. porhel<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
porrum<\/td>leek<\/td>C. poren<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
porta<\/td>gate; entrance, exit<\/td>W. porth <\/em>‘door’ (m.), C. porth <\/em>‘gate’ (m.)<\/td><\/tr>
port\u0101re<\/td>carry, convey<\/td>W. porth <\/em>‘support, help’ (may be native)<\/td><\/tr>
portus<\/td>harbour, port; haven<\/td>W. porth <\/em>(f.), C. porth <\/em>(m.)<\/td><\/tr>
postil\u0113na<\/td>crupper<\/td>W. postolwyn, pystolwyn<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
postis<\/td>post<\/td>WC. post<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
pr\u00e6bend\u0101rius<\/td>prebendary<\/td>C. pronter <\/em>‘priest’<\/td><\/tr>
pr\u00e6cepta<\/td>maxim<\/td>W. pregeth<\/em>, C. pregoth ‘<\/em>‘sermon’<\/td><\/tr>
pr\u00e6dic\u0101re<\/td>proclaim, praise<\/td>C. predheges <\/em>‘rant’<\/td><\/tr>
pr\u00e6dium<\/td>estate<\/td>W. praidd <\/em>‘flock’, B. preiz<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
pr\u00e6s\u00e6pe<\/td>stable, stall, fold; crib<\/td>W. preseb <\/em>‘manger, crib’, C. presep <\/em>‘manger’, B. prezeb<\/em> ‘manger’<\/td><\/tr>
pr\u00e6s\u0113ns, pr\u00e6sent-<\/td>present<\/td>W. presen<\/em>, C. present<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
prandium<\/td>late breakfast; meal<\/td>W. prain <\/em>‘feast, banquet’<\/td><\/tr>
pr\u0101tum<\/td>meadow, grass<\/td>C. pras<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
presbyter<\/td>elder<\/td>W. pryfder <\/em>‘priest’<\/td><\/tr>
pretium<\/td>price, value; reward<\/td>WC. pris <\/em>(probably from OF pris<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
pr\u012bmus<\/td>first, foremost<\/td>W. prif<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
pr\u012bv\u0101tus<\/td>individual, private<\/td>W. priod <\/em>‘own; spouse’, C. pries <\/em>‘married; spouse’<\/td><\/tr>
prob\u0101re<\/td>prove, show<\/td>W. profi<\/em>, C. previ<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
proph\u0113ta<\/td>prophet, soothsayer<\/td>W. proffwyd, <\/em>C. profet<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
psalmus<\/td>psalm<\/td>WC. salm <\/em>(late)<\/td><\/tr>
psalt\u0113rium<\/td>psaltery; song; the Psalms<\/td>W. sallwyr <\/em>‘Psalter, Book of Psalms’<\/td><\/tr>
pugill\u0101res<\/td>writing tablets<\/td>MW. peullawr<\/em>, OW. poullaur<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
pullicanti\u014d<\/td>cock-crown<\/td>W. plygain, pylgain <\/em>‘dawn’<\/td><\/tr>
pulvis, pulver-<\/td>dust, powder<\/td>W. pylor <\/em>‘powder’, perhaps C. pilm <\/em>‘flying dust like flour’<\/td><\/tr>
p\u016bnctum<\/td>point, dot; pierced<\/td>W. pwyth <\/em>‘stitch’<\/td><\/tr>
purpura<\/td>purple<\/td>W. porffor<\/em>, C. purpur<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
p\u016brus<\/td>clear, pure<\/td>WC. pur<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
p\u016bs, p\u016br-<\/td>pus<\/td>C. purek <\/em>‘snotty’<\/td><\/tr>
puteus<\/td>well, pit<\/td>W. pydew<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
putridus<\/td>rotten, decayed<\/td>W. pudr<\/em>, C. poder<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
quadr\u0101g\u0113sima<\/td>Lent<\/td>W. carawys, g-<\/em>, C. Korawys<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
quadrellum<\/td> <\/td>B. coazrel ?<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
qu\u00e6sti\u014d<\/td>seeking, investigation<\/td>W. gorchest <\/em>‘feat, excellence’<\/td><\/tr>
quart\u0101rius<\/td>quarter-pint<\/td>W. chwarthor<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
rapere, rapi-<\/td>seize, plunder<\/td>W. rhaib <\/em>‘greed’<\/td><\/tr>
rasculus<\/td> <\/td>W. rhasgl <\/em>‘type of knife’<\/td><\/tr>
r\u0113g\u0101lis<\/td>royal<\/td>C. ryal <\/em>(probably from Br. *rig\u0101los<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
registrum<\/td>register<\/td>W. rhestr<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
r\u0113gula<\/td>rule<\/td>W. rheol<\/em>, C. rewl<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
r\u0113liqui\u00e6<\/td>remainder; relics<\/td>W. rhelyw <\/em>‘remainder’<\/td><\/tr>
r\u0113mus<\/td>oar<\/td>W. rhwyf<\/em>, C. rev<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
r\u0113te<\/td>net; snare<\/td>W. rhwyd<\/em>, C. roos<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
rosa<\/td>rose<\/td>W. rhosyn<\/em>, C. rosen<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
ru\u012bna<\/td>collapse; ruins<\/td>W. rhewin<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
saccus<\/td>bag, purse<\/td>W. sach<\/em>, C. sagh<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
sacr\u0101mentum<\/td>legal deposit<\/td>W. sagrafen <\/em>‘sacrament’<\/td><\/tr>
sacrificium<\/td>sacrifice<\/td>W. segrffyg <\/em>‘Eucharist, Holy Communion’<\/td><\/tr>
sagitta<\/td>arrow<\/td>W. saeth<\/em>, C. seth<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
sals\u012bcia<\/td>sausage<\/td>W. selsig<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
sanctus<\/td>sacred, holy<\/td>W. sant<\/em>, C. sans<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
saturnus<\/td>Saturn<\/td>W. Sadwrn<\/em>, C. Sadorn<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
scabillum, scamellum<\/td>stool<\/td>W. ysgafell <\/em>‘ledge’, C. skavel <\/em>‘stool’<\/td><\/tr>
sc\u0101l\u00e6<\/td>steps, ladder<\/td>W. ysgawl<\/em>, C. skeul<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
schola<\/td>school; sect<\/td>W. ysgol<\/em>, C. skol<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
scientia<\/td>knowledge<\/td>C. skians<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
sc\u014dp\u00e6, sc\u014dp\u0101rium<\/td>broom<\/td>W. ysgub, ysgubor<\/em>; C. skubel<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
scr\u012bbendus<\/td>thing to be written<\/td>W. ysgrifen<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
scr\u012bbere<\/td>write<\/td>W. ysgrifo<\/em>, C. skrifa<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
scr\u012bnium<\/td>book box<\/td>W. ysgr\u00een <\/em>‘shrine’<\/td><\/tr>
scr\u012bpt\u016bra<\/td>writing, document<\/td>W. ysgrythur <\/em>‘scripture’<\/td><\/tr>
scutella<\/td>bowl<\/td>C. skudel<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
s\u0113bum<\/td>tallow, grease<\/td>W. swyf <\/em>\u2020<\/td><\/tr>
sec\u0101le<\/td>rye<\/td>C. sugal<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
s\u0113c\u016brus<\/td>untroubled, carefree<\/td>W. segur<\/em>, C. syger <\/em>‘idle’.  W. sicr <\/em>‘sure’  is a late borrowing of the same word, existing alongside si\u0175r<\/em>, C. sur < <\/em>ME sur<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
s\u0113des<\/td>seat, chair<\/td>W. swydd<\/em>, C. soodh <\/em>‘office, job’<\/td><\/tr>
sent\u012bre<\/td>feel, see; experience<\/td>W. synnwyr <\/em>‘sense’, synnu <\/em>‘wonder’<\/td><\/tr>
septim\u0101na<\/td>week<\/td>C. seythen<\/em>, B. sizun; <\/em>OI sechtman<\/em>, G. seachduin<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
s\u0113rica<\/td>silk<\/td>W. sirig, serig<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
s\u0113r\u014d<\/td>late<\/td>W. hwyr <\/em>‘evening, late’<\/td><\/tr>
serp\u0113ns<\/td>serpent, snake<\/td>W. sarff<\/em>, C. sarf<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
serptus<\/td>(steep)<\/td>WC. serth<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
serra<\/td>saw<\/td>W. ser <\/em>‘sickle, scythe, billhook’<\/td><\/tr>
sext\u0101rius<\/td>pint<\/td>OW hestaur, <\/em>MW. hestawr<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
siccit\u0101s<\/td>dryness, drought<\/td>W. syched,<\/em> C. sehes <\/em>‘thirst’<\/td><\/tr>
siccus<\/td>dry; thirsty<\/td>W. sych<\/em>, C. sygh<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
signum<\/td>mark, sign; seal<\/td>W. swyn <\/em>‘charm, magic’, C. soon <\/em>‘blessing’<\/td><\/tr>
sistere<\/td>stop, check; stand<\/td>C. cessya<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
s\u014dl<\/td>sun<\/td>WC. Sul<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
solidus<\/td>solid; gold coin<\/td>W. swllt<\/em>, C. sols <\/em>‘shilling’<\/td><\/tr>
solum<\/td>ground, floor, bottom<\/td>W. sail<\/em>, C. sel<\/em> ‘base, foundation’ (< Br. *solj\u0101<\/em> < <\/em>VL. solea<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
sonus<\/td>sound, noise<\/td>W. s\u0175n <\/em>‘noise’, s\u00f4n <\/em>‘mention, rumour’, C. son <\/em>‘sound’<\/td><\/tr>
spatium<\/td>space, room<\/td>W. ysbaid (of time)<\/em>, C. spas <\/em>(prob from ME < OF espace<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
sp\u012britus<\/td>spirit<\/td>W. ysbryd, <\/em>C. spyrys<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
splend\u0113re<\/td>be bright<\/td>C. splanna<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
splendidus<\/td>bright, clear<\/td>W. ysblennydd<\/em>, C. splann<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
splendor, splend\u014dr-<\/td>brightness, clarity<\/td>W. ysblander<\/em>, C. splander <\/em>‘gloss, polish’ (either from the nominitive with the native ending -der<\/em> ‘-ness’ or from the adjective)<\/td><\/tr>
spolium<\/td>spoils, booty<\/td>W. ysbail<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
spongia<\/td>sponge<\/td>W. ysbwng<\/em>, C. spong <\/em>(< Br. *spongos<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
stabulum<\/td>stall, stable; cottage<\/td>W. ystafell<\/em>, C. stevel <\/em>‘room’<\/td><\/tr>
stagnum<\/td>tin<\/td>W. ystaen <\/em>(not in GPC), <\/em>C. sten<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
st\u0101men<\/td>warp, thread<\/td>W. ystof <\/em>‘warp’, C. steuv<\/em>, B. steu\u00f1v<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
st\u0113lla<\/td>star<\/td>W. Ystwyll<\/em>, C. Stul<\/em> ‘Epiphany’<\/td><\/tr>
sternere<\/td>saddle<\/td>W. ystarn<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
stimulus<\/td>goad<\/td>W. swmbwl<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
stipula<\/td>stubble<\/td>W. sofl<\/em>, C. sowl<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
stor\u0101x<\/td>resin<\/td>W. ystor <\/em>‘resin’<\/td><\/tr>
stragula<\/td>covering, tapestry<\/td>C. strel <\/em>‘mat, rug’<\/td><\/tr>
str\u0101t\u016bra<\/td>(saddle)<\/td>W. ystrodur<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
strigilis<\/td>scraper, strigil<\/td>OC. streil <\/em>‘strigil’ (< L. strigla<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
struct\u016bra<\/td>structure<\/td>C. strethur<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
struere<\/td>place together; arrange; build<\/td>W. ystryw <\/em>‘ruse, trick; ability, skill’<\/td><\/tr>
superbus<\/td>arrogant, overbearing<\/td>W. syberw <\/em>‘sober, mannerly’<\/td><\/tr>
syllaba<\/td>syllable<\/td>W. sillaf<\/em>, C. sylaben<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
synodus<\/td>synod, meeting<\/td>W. senedd,<\/em> C. senedh <\/em>‘parliament’<\/td><\/tr>
tabella<\/td>small board<\/td>W. tafell <\/em>‘slice’,<\/td><\/tr>
taberna<\/td>inn<\/td>W. tafarn<\/em>, C. tavern<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
tabula<\/td>board, plank; table<\/td>W. taflen <\/em>‘list’, tafl, tafol <\/em>‘scales’<\/td><\/tr>
tabul\u0101tum<\/td>floor, storey<\/td>W. taflod <\/em>‘loft’<\/td><\/tr>
t\u0113ga<\/td>cover<\/td>W. twyg <\/em>\u2020’gown’<\/td><\/tr>
t\u0113la<\/td>web; plan<\/td>W. twyll <\/em>‘deceit’, <\/em>C. toll<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
temper\u0101re<\/td>temper, moderate<\/td>W. tymer <\/em>‘temper’ (sense development is late); C. tempra <\/em>‘moderate’<\/td><\/tr>
tempest\u0101s<\/td>weather, storm<\/td>W. tymestl<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
templum<\/td>sanctuary, temple<\/td>W. teml<\/em>, C. tempel, templa<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
tempus, tempor-<\/td>time; tense<\/td>W. tymp, tymor <\/em>‘season’<\/td><\/tr>
tener<\/td>tender, delicate; weak<\/td>W. tyner<\/em>, C. tender <\/em>(from of influenced by OF tendre<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
terminus<\/td>boundary-line, limit<\/td>W. terfyn<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
terti\u0101na<\/td>fever<\/td>C. terthen<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
testim\u014dnium<\/td>evidence, testimony<\/td>W. testun <\/em>‘text’, C. dustuni <\/em>‘testimony’<\/td><\/tr>
testis<\/td>witness<\/td>W. tyst<\/em>, C. desta<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
thronus<\/td>throne<\/td>C. tron<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
tonus<\/td>tone, sound<\/td>W. t\u00f4n<\/em>, C. ton<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
torta<\/td>flat cake; loaf of bread<\/td>WC. torth<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
tract\u0101tus<\/td>handling<\/td>W. traethod <\/em>‘treatise’<\/td><\/tr>
tr\u0101nstrum<\/td>thwart<\/td>W. trawst <\/em>‘beam’, C. treuster<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
tr\u012bnit\u0101s<\/td>trinity<\/td>W. trined, trindod<\/em>, C. trindas<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
trip\u0113s, triped-<\/td>three-legged<\/td>C. tribet <\/em>‘andiron’ (may be from ME. trefet <\/em>‘trivet’)<\/td><\/tr>
tristis<\/td>sad, melancholy<\/td>WC. trist <\/em>(< Br. *tr\u012bstis<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
tructa<\/td>trout<\/td>C. truth <\/em>(< VL. *<\/em>trutta)<\/td><\/tr>
trulla<\/td>ladle, scoop; wash-basin<\/td>W. trull <\/em>‘wine vessel, cup’, trullio <\/em>‘pour or serve (drink)’ (uncertain, perhaps a late borrowing)<\/td><\/tr>
turba<\/td>disorder, riot;
troop, crowd<\/td>		W. twrf <\/em>‘noise, tumult’,<\/em> C. tervans <\/em>‘tumult, turmoil’W. torf <\/em>‘crowd’<\/td><\/tr>
turris<\/td>tower<\/td>W. twr <\/em>‘heap’; W. t\u0175r<\/em>, C. tour <\/em>‘tower’ (from or influenced by ME tour <\/em>< OF tur<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
t\u016bs, th\u016bs<\/td>incense<\/td>W. thus<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
unguentum<\/td>ointment, perfume<\/td>W. ennaint<\/em>, C. unyent<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
\u016bnit\u0101s<\/td>oneness<\/td>W. uned<\/em>, C. unses <\/em>‘unit’<\/td><\/tr>
ursus<\/td>bear<\/td>C. ors<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
v\u0101g\u012bna<\/td>sheath, scabbard<\/td>W. gwain<\/em>, OC. guein<\/em>, C. gon<\/em> \u2020<\/td><\/tr>
v\u0113lum<\/td>sail, curtain<\/td>C. gool, <\/em>B. gouel<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
v\u0113n\u0101tor<\/td>hunter<\/td>B. gwinaer<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
ven\u0113num<\/td>drug, potion; poison<\/td>W. gwenwyn<\/em>, C. gwenon<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
venus, vener-<\/td>Venus<\/td>WC. Gwener<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
versus<\/td>line, row; verse<\/td>WC. gwers<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
v\u0113s\u012bca<\/td>bladder, purse<\/td>W. chwyssigen<\/em>, C. gusigan, gysigan<\/em> \u2020 (< L. ves\u012bca<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>
vesper<\/td>evening<\/td>W. gosber<\/em>, C. gwesper <\/em>‘vespers’<\/td><\/tr>
v\u012bcus<\/td>village, estate<\/td>W. gwig <\/em>‘wood’; C. gwig <\/em>‘village’, gwikor <\/em>‘merchant’<\/td><\/tr>
vigilia<\/td>watch; vigil<\/td>W. gwyl<\/em>, C. gool <\/em>‘feast, holiday’<\/td><\/tr>
v\u012bnum<\/td>wine<\/td>WC. gwin<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
v\u012bpera<\/td>viper<\/td>W. gwiber<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
virginit\u0101s<\/td>virginity<\/td>W. gweryndod<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
virg\u014d<\/td>maid, virgin; girl<\/td>W. gwyry<\/em>, C. gwyrgh<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
viridis<\/td>green, fresh<\/td>W. gwyrdd<\/em>, C. gwyrdh <\/em>(may be cognate)<\/td><\/tr>
virt\u016bs<\/td>valour, virtue, worth<\/td>W. gwyrth <\/em>‘miracle’<\/td><\/tr>
vitrum<\/td>glass<\/td>W. gwydr<\/em>, C. gweder<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
v\u012bverra<\/td>ferret<\/td>W. gwiwer <\/em>‘squirrel’<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Latin language left a considerable impression on British and its daughter languages. Principally, this influence came during the Roman…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/297"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=297"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/297\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":298,"href":"https:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/297\/revisions\/298"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/old-north.co.uk\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=297"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}