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Latin Borrowings into British

The Latin language left a considerable impression on British and its daughter languages. Principally, this influence came during the Roman Occupation (ad 55 - c.410) when parts of Britain were considerably Romanised. Although it could be said that Wales, Cornwall and the Cumbric Region were not as heavily Romanised as the south and east, the legacy of Roman Britain continued in these areas long after the legions had left. The language and culture of early medieval Britain was indellibly changed by contact with Rome and numerous words for new techonologies and objects entered British. The way medieval Brythonic languages were written shows direct continuity with the orthography of Romano-British writers.

The establishment and growth of Christianity from the fourth century brought a whole raft of words connected with the church and learning. As with many European languages, the process of borrowing from Latin continued indefinitely, with more complex words entering the language throughout the medieval and modern periods. The influence of French is also apparent in all the modern Brythonic languages, particularly Breton and Cornish. In some cases words were borrowed more than once, as with L. papyrus giving W. pabwyr and later papur.

The list below is not exhaustive, nor complete, but it gives an indication of the impact Latin had on the Brythonic languages and the kinds of words borrowed.

Latin Meaning Brythonic
abbās abbot WB. abad, C. abas (from oblique)
abecedārium alphabet W. (e)gwyddor, MW. agwyddawr (< Br. *abecēdārion), C. abecedari (late)
absentia absence W. absen 'slander, absence'
abstrūsus deep, reserved W. astrus 'complex'
addiscere learn more W. addysg 'education', addysgu 'teach', C. adhyski 'educate'
admissus (equus) charging (horse} W. emys 'warhorses, chargers'
adōrnāre decorate W. addurnu 'embellish'
aēr air W. awyr, C. ayr, B. aer
aggregātiō gathering together MW. achreawdyr
altāre altar W. allor, C. alter, B. aoter
amplus great; abundant W. aml 'many, large, ample, abundant'
anchora anchor W. angor
angelus angel W. angel, C. el, B. ael
animal animal W. anifail, C. eneval, B. aneval
antecēnium lunch W. ancwyn 'dinner, supper; dessert'
ante tertiam before three W. anterth 'height, prime'; C. androw, B. enderv 'afternoon'
antigraphum transcript W. engraifft † (late)
antīquus ancient OB. entic
apostolus apostle WB. apostol, C. abostel
aprilis April W. Ebrill, CB. Ebrel
arca box, ark W. arch, C. argh, B. arc'h
archiepiscopus archbishop W. archesgob, C. arghepskop, B. arc'heskob
arma arm, weapon W. arf, C. arv, B. arm (B. influenced by or borrowed from French)
ascendere ascend W. esgyn, C. yskynna
asinus ass W. asyn, C. asen, B. azen
astella splinter W. astell 'shelf, plank'
auctor author W. awdur, C. awtour, B. aozer (late and artificial, from oblique)
augustus August W. Awst, C. Est, B. Eost (< Br. *Āgustos)
aurum gold W. aur, C. owr, B. aour
baculum stick, staff W. bagl 'crook, crutch'
bāiula pail ? W. baeol 'pail, pot'
baptīzāre baptise W. bedydd 'baptism', C. bedidhia, B. badez
baptīzātus baptized W. bydysawd 'Christendom'
barba beard W. barf, CB. barv
benedīcere bless; praise W. bendigedig 'blessed'; C. benyga 'bless', B. bennigañ 'bless'
benedictiō blessing W. bendith, C. bennath, B. bennozh
beneficium benefit, favour W. benthyg 'loan'
bēstia beast W. bwyst
Biblia Bible W. Beibl, C. Beybel, B. Bibl (all late)
bovīnus pertaining to cows C. bewin, B. bevin 'beef'
bracchium arm, branch W. braich, C. bregh, B. brec'h
brassica cabbage W. bresych 'cabbages'
būbalus buffalo W. bual †, CB. bual
bucca cheek WC. boch, B. boc'h
caballus horse W. cefyll, C. cevil
cæsellum chisel (VL. cisellum)
calamus stalk, reed C. kala 'straw', B. kolo 'straw'
calendæ Calends W. calan, CB. kalan (< VL. Kaland-)
calidāria cooking pot W. callor †, C. kawdarn (from French) 'cauldron', B. kaoter
calix, calic- wine cup W. caregl , C. celegel 'chalice'
callidus skilful, clever W. call 'wise', C. kall 'cunning'
calx, calc- lime, chalk W. calch, C. kalgh 'lime', B. kalc'h
camisia shirt, tunic C. hevis 'blouse', B. hiviz (poss. via French or Old English)
campus plain, sports field W. camp 'game, feat', campwr 'athlete'; C. campier 'champion', B. kamp 'feat'
cancellārius chancellor W. canghellor, B. kañeller
candēla candle W. cannwyl, C. kantol, B. kantoel (< Br. *cantēlā)
capistrum halter W. cebystr 'halter, tether'
capitulum chapter W. cabidwl
captīvitās captivity W. caethiwed
captīvus captive W. ceithiw 'captivity; enslaved'
carcer prison W. carchar; C. karhar 'fetter, shackle', B. karc'har
carēnum sweet wine W. cerwyn 'vat, tun; wine-press'
cāritās dearness; affection W. cardod 'charity', B. karitez
carptus plucked W. carth 'offscouring', carthen 'coarse cloth', carthu 'cleanse'; C. karth 'cleansing', B. karzh 'cleaning'
cāseus cheese W. caws, C. keus, B. keuz
castanea chestnut (tree) W. castan, C. kesten, B. kistin
castellum castle W. castell, C. kastel, B. kastell
castīgāre punish, reprove W. castwyo 'chastise'
castrum fort, camp W. caer 'fort' (either a very early loan from Latin or a native word)
casula vestment  
catēna chain, fetter W. cadwyn
cathedra chair W. cadair, CB. kador
catta cat W. cath
caucus drinking vessel W. cawg 'bowl' (Jackson says this is not a Latin loan)
caulis cabbage W. cawl 'broth'; C. kowl 'broth; cabbage, kale', B. kaol
cavella little cave W. cawell, C. kowel 'basket', B. kavell
cavitās cavity W. ceudod (from oblique)
cavus hollow; cavity W. cau, C. kowva 'cavity', kow 'hollow', B. kev 'cavity'
cella cell, stall W. cell, CB. kell
cēna dinner W. cwyn 'meal', cinio, MC. kynyow, C. kinnyow, B. koaniañ
centrum nail W. cethr †, C. kenter
cēra wax W. cwyr, C. kor, B. koar
certus fixed, determined W. certh 'awful, intense, keen', B. kerzh 'certainly'
Christiānus Christian W. Cristion
Christus Christ W. Crist
cingula belt, girdle W. cengl 'girth, girdle'
cippus stake; gravestone W. cyff 'stock, chest'; C. kyf 'log', B. kef
circulus circle OW. circhl, B. kerl
cista basket; chest W. cest 'belly, basket, hold', cist 'chest, box' (the latter < ON. kista)
civitās  community W. ciwed 'rabble', ciwdod † 'people, race', B. keoded 'city'
classis group, class W. clas 'cloister', B. klas 'class'
clēricus clergyman, clerk OC. cloireg, C. klorek, B. kloarek, OI clérech
clērus clergy W. cloer , MW. clwyr. B. kloer pl of kloarek
clocca bell W. cloch, C. klogh, B. kloc'h (this may be a Celtic word borrowed into Latin)
*cloppus lame W. cloff, C. klof, kloppek (cf. Fr. éclopé)
coāgulum rennet W. caul; ceulo, C. kowla 'curdle', B. kaoul
coctus well-considered W. coeth 'pure, fine, excellent'
columba dove, pigeon W. colomen, C. kolom 'pigeon', B. koulm, kolom 'dove'
columna column W. colofn, C. koloven, B. kolonenn
commendāre entrust, commit W. cymynnwr 'testator'; C. komendya 'introduce, recommend, approve'
compār spouse; equal W. cymar 'partner, mate' (from oblique), B. kempar; C. kespar 'mate', B. ketpar
comparāre compare; match W. cymharu 'compare', C. komparya (late)
compellere drive, compel W. cymell, C. kompella (late)
*concausa cause W. cyngaws † 'lawsuit'
condīcere agree on, promise W. cynnig 'attempt; offer', C. kynnik 'offer', B. kinnig 'offer'
cōnfectiō making; confection W. cyffaith, C. kyfeyth 'confection'
cōnfessiō confession W. cyffes, B. kofesion
congregātiō union, society W. cyngreawdr
congressus meeting, union W. cyngres 'congress'
cōnsecrāre consecrate W. cysegru
cōnsilium council W. cusyll † 'advice', C. kussul 'council; counsel, advice', konsel 'council' (late), B. kuzul 'council; advice'
cōnstruenda connecting W. cystrawen 'syntax, construction'
contrārius opposite W. cythrawl 'devil'
coquīna kitchen W. cegin, CB. kegin (< Br. *cocīnā)
coquus, coquere cook W. cog, cogi, C. kog, kegi
corpus body W. corff, CB. korf
corōna crown W. corun 'crown (anat.)', coron, C. kurun, B. kurunenn
corrigia shoelace OW. corruui, W. carrai, MB. coreenn
coxa hip W. coes (may be cognate, cf. G. cas 'foot')
creātor creator W. creawdwr (from oblique), C. kreador, B. krouer
creātūra creature W. creadur, C. kreatur, B. krouadur
crux, cruc- cross, gallows W. croes, crog, C. krows; krogbren 'gallows', B. kroaz
cubiculum bedroom W. cuddygl, cufygl 'cubicle'
cubitum elbow; cubit W. cufydd 'cubit'
cucullus hood, cowl W. cwcwll, C. kugol
culcita mattress, pillow W. cylched †, C. kolhes 'quilt' B. golc'hed
cultellus small knife W. cyllell, C. kollel, B. kountell, kontell
culter knife, razor W. cwlltr 'coulter'
cumulus heap, mass W. cwmwl, C. komolen, B. koumoul 'cloud'
cuneus wedge W. cŷn 'chisel'
cunīculus rabbit W. cwningen, C. konin, B. konifl, konikl (late, prob via English < French)
cūpa vat, tun W. cib 'pod, husk', B. kib 'cup'
cupidus lustful, greedy W. cybydd 'miser'
cūra care, trouble, anxiety W. cur 'anxiety; ache'; CB. kur 'cure'
decimāre pay tithes C. degevi
decimus, decumus tithe W. degwm, C. dega, B. deog
defectus weak, failing W. diffaith 'waste, barren', C. difeyth 'waste'
dēfendere defend, repel W. diffynnydd, C. difenner 'defendant', B. difenn 'defend'
dēficere fail; be lacking W. diffyg 'lack'; C. difygya
dēfinīre define, limit W. diffinio, B. difin 'result'
dēlēre annihilate; blot out W. dileu, C. dilea 'delete'
dēnārius silver coin C. diner 'penny'; B. diner 'denarius'
dēnsus thick, dense W. dwys, C. doos, B. doues
dēpendere depend W. dibynnu
dēscendere descend W. disgyn, C. diskynna, B. diskenn
dēsertum desert, wasteland W. diserth †, B. dezerzh
dēspectus despised C. dyspyth, despit (poss. late)
dēstillāre drop down, distil W. distyll, distyllu 'distil'
dēstruere demolish, destroy W. distryw 'destruction', C. distrui 'destroy', B. distrujañ
dēsubitō all of a sudden W. disyfyd 'sudden'
diabolus devil W. diawl, diafol, C. jowl, B. diaoul
diāconus deacon W. diacon, OC. diagon, B. diagon
dīluvium flood, deluge W. dilyw, C. dial
dīmidium half W. dimai, C. demma 'half-penny' (late, perhaps from French demi)
discere learn W. dysgu, C. dyski, B. deskiñ
discipulus pupil, disciple W. disgybl, C. dyskybel, B. diskibl
diurnāta day, daytale W. diwrnod
dīvīnus soothsayer W. dewin, B. deviñ, dewiñ
dīvisus division WC. dewis 'choice', B. diuz
doctor teacher W. doethor, doethur 'doctor, teacher'
doctus learned, skilled W. doeth
dolor, dolōr- sorrow, pain W. dolur (from oblique), C. dolor
dolōrōsus painful, sorrowful W. dolurus
dracō dragon W. draig, CB. dragon
dūrus hard, tough WC. dur 'steel', B. dir 'steel'
ecclēsia church W. eglwys, C. eglos, B. iliz (< Br. *eclēsjā)
Eleēmosyna alms, almshouse W. elusen 'alms'
elementum element W. elfen, C. elven, B. elvenn
episcopus bishop W. esgob, C. epskop, B. ekob
ēvangelium Gospel W. efengyl, C. aweyl, B. aviel
excommuniō excommunicate W. esgymun, ysgymun, C. emskemuna, B. eskumunugañ
excūsāre excuse, apologise for W. esgus, C. askus, askusya, B. iskuz, iskuziñ
execūtus pursued; executed W. esgud 'active, quick', C. uskis 'fast, rapid', B. eskuit 'prompt'
exiguitas smallness MW. eissywet 'lack, want'
exiguus small, meagre W. eisiau 'want'
exorīrī, exortus rise, arise; risen C. sordya 'arise; raised'
extendere extend, stretch out W. estyn, C. ystyn 'reach, extend', B. astenn
extrāneus stranger W. estron, CB. estren
faba bean W. ffeuen, ffa, C. faven, B. fav, faw
factus made W. ffaeth 'cultivated', C. feyth 'fertile'
facula little torch W. ffagl 'torch, flame', C. faglen 'torch'
fāgus beech W. ffawydden, C. fawen, B. fav, faou
falsus false W. ffals, B. faos
fascis bundle, faggot W. ffasg
februārius February W. Chwefror, C. Hwevrer, -l, B. C'hwevrer
fenestra window W. ffenestr, C. fenester, B. fenestr
feniculum fennel W. ffenigl, C. fenogel
fēnum, fænum hay C. foon 'new-mown hay', B. foenn 'hay'
ferrārius blacksmith C. ferror
festīnāre hurry, make haste C. fistena
fībula clasp, brooch W. hual, C. fu 'fetter, shackle', B. hual
fidēs faith, trust W. ffydd, C. fydh, B. feiz, fez
fīnis boundary, limit W. ffin, CB. fin
firmāmentum support W. ffurfafen 'firmament, sky'; C. firmament, B. firmanant (late)
firmus stable; powerful W. ffyrf, C. fyrv, B. ferv
flagellum whip W. frewyll
flagrāre blaze, burn W. fflerio 'flare'; perhaps C. flerya 'smell, stink', B. flaeriañ 'stink'
flamma flame W. fflam, CB. flamm
focus hearth, fireplace C. fog 'focus, furnace, hearth'
fontāna fountain, spring W. ffynnon, C. fenten, B. feuteun
fōrma form, shape W. ffurf, C. furv
fossa ditch, trench W. ffos, B. foz; C. fos 'wall'
fovea pit W. ffau, C. fow, B. fav 'den, lair' (< Br. *fowjā)
frēnum bridle W. ffrwyn, C. fruyn (*froon)
fructus fruit W. ffrwyth, C. frooth, B. frouezh
fūcus deceit W. ffug, C. fug 'counterfeit, fake; fictitious'
fuga flight, escape W. ffo, C. fo, B. fu
fūnis rope, cord W. ffun
fūr thief  
furca fork W. ffwrch, C. forgh, B. forc'h
furnus oven W. ffwrn, C. forn, B. forn, fourn
fūstis stick, club, cudgel W. ffust 'flail', C. fust 'club, cudgel', B. fust 'handle'
gemellus twin W. gefell, C. gevel, B. gevell
gemma gem, jewel W. gem
glūten glue WB. glud, C. glus
gradus step, degree W. gradd, C. gradh
grammatica grammar WB. gramadeg, C. gramasek
graphium stylus; pencil W. graiff(t) 'pen, pencil'
grātia grace, favour WCB. gras (prob. from ME or OF grace)
grex, greg- flock, herd; troop WCB. gre
habēna strap, reins W. awen, MW. afwyn
hanaperium large vase C. hanaf 'drinking cup' (prob from French hanap 'goblet')
historia history; inquiry W. ystyr, C. styr 'meaning'
honestus honored, respectable W. (g)onest, CB. onest
hōra hour W. awr, C. our, B. eur
hospes host, visitor, friend, stranger W. osb 'guest, lodger; stranger'
hospitium hospitality; lodging W. ysbyty, B. ospital
humilis humble, lowly W. ufyll †, CB. uvel
iānuārius  January W. Ionawr; CB. Genver (via French)
imāgō, imagin- likeness, image C. aven
imperātor emperor W. ymerawdwr, ymherodr (from oblique); C. emperour, B. ampereur, impalaer (via French or English)
incēnsum incense C. encois, B. ezañ(s)
increpitus rebuked MW. anghreith
indulgens indulgent, kind W. annwyl 'dear' (? < Br. *induglens)
inferna hell W. uffern, C. yfarn, B. ifern
initium beginning; Shrovetide W. Ynyd, C. Enes, B. Ened
iovis Jupiter W. Iau, C. Yow, B. Yaou
iugum yoke W. iau, C. yew, B. yev (may be cognate)
iusculum soup W. isgell, OC. iskel
labor labour; work W. llafur, C. lavur (from oblique)
labōriōsus difficult; industrious W. llafurus, MW. llafuryus; C. lavurys 'worn out'
lāicus lay, unconsecrated W. lleyg, C. leg
lāmina plate, blade W. llafn, C. lown, B. lavn, laon
largus copious; liberal MW. llary 'generous', W. llariaidd 'meek'
latex water, liquid C. las 'liquor'
Latīna Latin W. Lladin
latrō mercenary; brigand W. lleidr, C. lader, B. lâer 'thief'
laus, laud- praise W. llawdd
laurus bay tree W. llawrwydden, llawryf, B. lore
laxus wide; loose; free W. llaes, C. lows, B. ? loask
lectīca litter, sedan W. lleithig
lēctiō reading W. llith 'lesson'
lēgālis legal, lawful C. lel 'loyal, trusty, genuine' B. leal 'loyal' (perh. from OF. leal)
legendus a thing to be read W. llên, C. lien, B. lenn 'literature'
legere read, recite W. lleu 'read'
legiōnēs legions W. lleon, lleion
leō lion W. llew, C. lew
liber book W. llyfr, C. lyver
lignum wood, firewood W. llwyn 'grove, bush' (may be native)
līnea thread, line W. llin, llinell, llinyn 'line'
līnum flax; linen W. llin 'flax, linen'
littera letter W. llythyr, C. lyther, B. lizher
lixivium lye OW. lissiu, W. lleisw, OB. lisiu, B. lisiou
locāre lease, hire out; invest W. llog 'interest', llogi 'hire'
loculus little place C. logel 'coffin'
longa nāvis warship W. llong (some argue that this is a native word)
lucerna lamp W. llusern (prob from OF lucerne or ML); C. lugarn; B. lugern 'brilliant'
lūna moon W. Llun, CB. Lun
lōrīca breasplate W. llurig
māceria wall W. magwyr, B. moger, magoar; C. magor 'ruin' (< L. macēria)
macula spot, stain
mesh
MW. [m]aglei 'stained', B. magl 'lozenge'
W. magl 'snare', C. maglen 'trap'
magister master W. meister, C. mester, B. mestr
māior elder WB. maer, C. mer 'mayor'
maius May W. Mai, C. Me, B. Mae
maledīcere slander; curse W. melltigo 'curse, slander'
maledictum curse W. melltith, C. molleth
malignus unkind, ill-natured W. malen 'evil, cursed', MW. malaen; C. malan 'devil'
manicæ gloves WB. maneg, C. manek
mantēllum cloak WB. mantell, C. mantel
manūbrium handle W. mynybr † 'hilt, handle'
margarīta pearl W. mererid
Mars, mart- Mars W. Mawrth, C. Meurth, B. Meurzh
martyr martyr W. merthyr, C. merther, B. merzher
martyrium martyr's grave W. merthyr 'sanctified cemetary'
mātūtīnum morning, early W. ers meitin 'a good while since'; C. myttin
medicus doctor W. meddyg, C. medhek, B. mezeg
memoria memory, remembrance W. myfyr 'meditation'
mēnsa table; course W. mwys , C. moos
mēnsūra measure(ment) W. mesur, C. musur, B. muzul, muzur (< L. mēsūra)
mercātus market, fair; trade W. marchnad, C. marhas, B. marc'had
mercurius Mercury W. Mercher, C. Merher, B. Merc'her
mīles soldier W. milwr
mīlitāris military; soldier W. miledawr 'host, warband, army'
mīlle, mīlia thousand; mile(s) WCB. mil (from the plural), W. milltir, C. mildir, B. miltir (from singular)
minister servant, attendant C. menyster, B. ministr 'minister'
mīrandus wonderful W. mirain 'comely'
mīrārī wonder, be surprised C. mires 'look, see, behold'
modus way, method W. modd
molīna mill WCB. melin
monachus monk W. mynach, C. managh, B. manac'h
monumentum memorial W. mynwent 'graveyard' (from plural)
mūlus mule W. mul
mūrus wall WB. mur
mūsculus mouse; muscle W. misglen, C. mesklen, B. meskl 'mussel'
mūtāre change, exchange W. mudo 'move, emigrate'
mūtus dumb, mute WB. mud
myrrh myrrh W. myrr, C. mer, B. mirr
nātālīcia Christmas W. Nadolig, C. Nadelik
nātūra nature WCB. natur (late)
nebula mist, vapour, cloud WC. niwl
nōna ninth hour W. nawn
nota note, mark W. nod, C. nos
numerus number W. nifer, C. niver
nuptiālia wedding feast W. neithior
occāsiō opportunity W. achos 'cause', C. acheson 'motive, reason'
occlūdere shut up, stop W. machlud 'set'
occupāre seize, occupy W. achub 'save'
ōceanus ocean W. eigion
ōda ode W. awdl, C. od (all late)
offerendus thing to be offered W. offeren 'mass', C. oferen
oleum oil WC. olew
opera work C. ober
ōrātiō speech; oration W. arawd; MB. euret 'marriage'
ōrātor speaker W. arawdr
ōrdō line, order, rank W. urdd 'order, rank', C. urdh 'order', B. urzh 'order'
organum organ, instrument WC. organ
orthographia orthography W. orgraff (late)
ostrea oyster, mussel  
pænitēre regret, be sorry W. penyd 'penance', C. penys 'do penance'
pāgus country, district W. pau, C. pow
palātium palace W. palas, plas, C. palys (from or influenced by ML or OF palais)
palla, pallium robe; cloak C. pall 'mantle'
palma palm W. palf, C. palv
pannus piece of cloth W. pannu 'full', C. pan 'cloth'
pāpa pope WCB. pab
papāver poppy W. pabi (probably influenced by Eng. poppy)
pāpiliō butterfly W. pabell 'tent' (< Br. papiliō. The W. singular is a back-formation from pebyll, assumed to be a plural)
papyrus papyrus, paper W. pabwyr 'rushes'; papur, C. paper 'paper' (late)
pār, par- equal, like; partner W. pâr 'pair', C. par 'equal'; W parhau 'continue' (< Br. *paros agame)
parabola comparison; parable W. parabl 'speech'; C. parabyl, parabolen 'parable'
paradīsus park; paradise W. paradwys (< L. *paradēsus), C. paradhis
parātus ready; equipped W. parod, paratoi 'prepare', C. pareusi 'prepare'
pariēs, pariet- wall W. pared (< Br. *paretem), parwydydd, C. paros
pars, part- part, share WC. parth
pascere feed, put to graze W. pasgedig 'fatted'
Pascha Easter W. Pasg, C. Pask
pastinaca parsnip W. panasen, C. panesen (by metathesis)
patella small dish, plate W. padell, C. padel
pater noster our father WC. Pader
pāvō peacock W. paun, C. payon
pāx, pāc- [kiss of] peace W. pocio 'to kiss', pacs 'kiss of peace' (late), B. pok 'kiss'
peccātor sinner W. pechadur, C. pehador (from oblique)
peccātum mistake, sin W. pechod, C. pehes
pedālis a foot long W. pedol 'horseshoe'
pedester pedestrian W. peddest 'pedestrian, footman; foot soldier'
pedes, pedit- walker, foot soldier W. peddyd 'foot soldier, pedestrian'
penna, pinna feather; pen W. pin 'pen, stylus'
pēnsum weight W. pwys, C. poos (< VL. pēsum)
pentecost Pentecost C. Penkost (probably late or learned)
peregrīnus foreigner W. pererin, C. perherin 'pilgrim' (< Br. *pergerīnos)
perfectus complete, perfect W. perffaith, C. perfydh
perīclum danger, risk W. perigl, C. peryl (influenced by OF peril)
per medius through the middle W. perfedd 'entrails', C. pervedh 'interior'
persōna person WC. person
pertinēre concern; belong W. perthyn
petere seek, look for, demand C. pesi 'pray'
pexa (tunica) carded (tunic) W. pais 'petticoat', C. pows 'dress, frock'
phiala saucer W. ffiol 'vial, bowl', C. fiol † 'cup'
pila ball W. pêl, C. pel
pīnus pine W. pîn, C. pin
pīpa pipe W. pibell, pib, C. pibel, pib
piper pepper W. pupur, pybyr, C. puber (probably late, perhaps influenced by Eng.; ‹u› is due to the adjacent labials, cf. W. pump < pymp).
pirum, pirus pear (tree) WC. peren (from VL. *pera)
pisa, pisum pea W. pysen, C. pesen
piscātor fisherman W. pysgodwr, pysgotwr, C. pyskador
piscis, piscātus fish W. pysgod, pysg, C. pysk
pix, pic- pitch WC. pyg
placitus pleasing; principle W. oblegid 'because', C. plegadow 'pleasing'
plāga blow, wound; plague WC. pla
planta shoot, slip; sole W. planhigyn, C. plans 'plant'
plēbs common people W. plwyf, C. pluw 'parish'
plectere plait, braid WC. pleth 'plait' (n.)
plicitum folded W. plith 'midst' (< Br. plict-) ?
plicāre fold W. plygu, C. plegya
plūma soft feather W. pluen, C. pluven
plumbum lead W. plwm, C. plomm
pœna penalty, punishment W. poen, C. pon, payn (latter from OF peine)
pollen fine flour W. paill 'flour, pollen'
pondus, ponder- weight, burden W. pwnn, pynner, B. pounner 'heavy'
pons, pont- bridge W. pont, C. pons
populus people, nation W. pobl, C. pobel (< Br. *poplos)
porcellus little pig W. porchell, C. porhel
porrum leek C. poren
porta gate; entrance, exit W. porth 'door' (m.), C. porth 'gate' (m.)
portāre carry, convey W. porth 'support, help' (may be native)
portus harbour, port; haven W. porth (f.), C. porth (m.)
postilēna crupper W. postolwyn, pystolwyn
postis post WC. post
præbendārius prebendary C. pronter 'priest'
præcepta maxim W. pregeth, C. pregoth ''sermon'
prædicāre proclaim, praise C. predheges 'rant'
prædium estate W. praidd 'flock', B. preiz
præsæpe stable, stall, fold; crib W. preseb 'manger, crib', C. presep 'manger', B. prezeb 'manger'
præsēns, præsent- present W. presen, C. present
prandium late breakfast; meal W. prain 'feast, banquet'
prātum meadow, grass C. pras
presbyter elder W. pryfder 'priest'
pretium price, value; reward WC. pris (probably from OF pris)
prīmus first, foremost W. prif
prīvātus individual, private W. priod 'own; spouse', C. pries 'married; spouse'
probāre prove, show W. profi, C. previ
prophēta prophet, soothsayer W. proffwyd, C. profet
psalmus psalm WC. salm (late)
psaltērium psaltery; song; the Psalms W. sallwyr 'Psalter, Book of Psalms'
pugillāres writing tablets MW. peullawr, OW. poullaur
pullicantiō cock-crown W. plygain, pylgain 'dawn'
pulvis, pulver- dust, powder W. pylor 'powder', perhaps C. pilm 'flying dust like flour'
pūnctum point, dot; pierced W. pwyth 'stitch'
purpura purple W. porffor, C. purpur
pūrus clear, pure WC. pur
pūs, pūr- pus C. purek 'snotty'
puteus well, pit W. pydew
putridus rotten, decayed W. pudr, C. poder
quadrāgēsima Lent W. carawys, g-, C. Korawys
quadrellum   B. coazrel ?
quæstiō seeking, investigation W. gorchest 'feat, excellence'
quartārius quarter-pint W. chwarthor
rapere, rapi- seize, plunder W. rhaib 'greed'
rasculus   W. rhasgl 'type of knife'
rēgālis royal C. ryal (probably from Br. *rigālos)
registrum register W. rhestr
rēgula rule W. rheol, C. rewl
rēliquiæ remainder; relics W. rhelyw 'remainder'
rēmus oar W. rhwyf, C. rev
rēte net; snare W. rhwyd, C. roos
rosa rose W. rhosyn, C. rosen
ruīna collapse; ruins W. rhewin
saccus bag, purse W. sach, C. sagh
sacrāmentum legal deposit W. sagrafen 'sacrament'
sacrificium sacrifice W. segrffyg 'Eucharist, Holy Communion'
sagitta arrow W. saeth, C. seth
salsīcia sausage W. selsig
sanctus sacred, holy W. sant, C. sans
saturnus Saturn W. Sadwrn, C. Sadorn
scabillum, scamellum stool W. ysgafell 'ledge', C. skavel 'stool'
scālæ steps, ladder W. ysgawl, C. skeul
schola school; sect W. ysgol, C. skol
scientia knowledge C. skians
scōpæ, scōpārium broom W. ysgub, ysgubor; C. skubel
scrībendus thing to be written W. ysgrifen
scrībere write W. ysgrifo, C. skrifa
scrīnium book box W. ysgrîn 'shrine'
scrīptūra writing, document W. ysgrythur 'scripture'
scutella bowl C. skudel
sēbum tallow, grease W. swyf
secāle rye C. sugal
sēcūrus untroubled, carefree W. segur, C. syger 'idle'.  W. sicr 'sure'  is a late borrowing of the same word, existing alongside siŵr, C. sur < ME sur)
sēdes seat, chair W. swydd, C. soodh 'office, job'
sentīre feel, see; experience W. synnwyr 'sense', synnu 'wonder'
septimāna week C. seythen, B. sizun; OI sechtman, G. seachduin
sērica silk W. sirig, serig
sērō late W. hwyr 'evening, late'
serpēns serpent, snake W. sarff, C. sarf
serptus (steep) WC. serth
serra saw W. ser 'sickle, scythe, billhook'
sextārius pint OW hestaur, MW. hestawr
siccitās dryness, drought W. syched, C. sehes 'thirst'
siccus dry; thirsty W. sych, C. sygh
signum mark, sign; seal W. swyn 'charm, magic', C. soon 'blessing'
sistere stop, check; stand C. cessya
sōl sun WC. Sul
solidus solid; gold coin W. swllt, C. sols 'shilling'
solum ground, floor, bottom W. sail, C. sel 'base, foundation' (< Br. *soljā < VL. solea)
sonus sound, noise W. sŵn 'noise', sôn 'mention, rumour', C. son 'sound'
spatium space, room W. ysbaid (of time), C. spas (prob from ME < OF espace)
spīritus spirit W. ysbryd, C. spyrys
splendēre be bright C. splanna
splendidus bright, clear W. ysblennydd, C. splann
splendor, splendōr- brightness, clarity W. ysblander, C. splander 'gloss, polish' (either from the nominitive with the native ending -der '-ness' or from the adjective)
spolium spoils, booty W. ysbail
spongia sponge W. ysbwng, C. spong (< Br. *spongos)
stabulum stall, stable; cottage W. ystafell, C. stevel 'room'
stagnum tin W. ystaen (not in GPC), C. sten
stāmen warp, thread W. ystof 'warp', C. steuv, B. steuñv
stēlla star W. Ystwyll, C. Stul 'Epiphany'
sternere saddle W. ystarn
stimulus goad W. swmbwl
stipula stubble W. sofl, C. sowl
storāx resin W. ystor 'resin'
stragula covering, tapestry C. strel 'mat, rug'
strātūra (saddle) W. ystrodur
strigilis scraper, strigil OC. streil 'strigil' (< L. strigla)
structūra structure C. strethur
struere place together; arrange; build W. ystryw 'ruse, trick; ability, skill'
superbus arrogant, overbearing W. syberw 'sober, mannerly'
syllaba syllable W. sillaf, C. sylaben
synodus synod, meeting W. senedd, C. senedh 'parliament'
tabella small board W. tafell 'slice',
taberna inn W. tafarn, C. tavern
tabula board, plank; table W. taflen 'list', tafl, tafol 'scales'
tabulātum floor, storey W. taflod 'loft'
tēga cover W. twyg 'gown'
tēla web; plan W. twyll 'deceit', C. toll
temperāre temper, moderate W. tymer 'temper' (sense development is late); C. tempra 'moderate'
tempestās weather, storm W. tymestl
templum sanctuary, temple W. teml, C. tempel, templa
tempus, tempor- time; tense W. tymp, tymor 'season'
tener tender, delicate; weak W. tyner, C. tender (from of influenced by OF tendre)
terminus boundary-line, limit W. terfyn
tertiāna fever C. terthen
testimōnium evidence, testimony W. testun 'text', C. dustuni 'testimony'
testis witness W. tyst, C. desta
thronus throne C. tron
tonus tone, sound W. tôn, C. ton
torta flat cake; loaf of bread WC. torth
tractātus handling W. traethod 'treatise'
trānstrum thwart W. trawst 'beam', C. treuster
trīnitās trinity W. trined, trindod, C. trindas
tripēs, triped- three-legged C. tribet 'andiron' (may be from ME. trefet 'trivet')
tristis sad, melancholy WC. trist (< Br. *trīstis)
tructa trout C. truth (< VL. *trutta)
trulla ladle, scoop; wash-basin W. trull 'wine vessel, cup', trullio 'pour or serve (drink)' (uncertain, perhaps a late borrowing)
turba disorder, riot;
troop, crowd
W. twrf 'noise, tumult', C. tervans 'tumult, turmoil'
W. torf 'crowd'
turris tower W. twr 'heap'; W. tŵr, C. tour 'tower' (from or influenced by ME tour < OF tur)
tūs, thūs incense W. thus
unguentum ointment, perfume W. ennaint, C. unyent
ūnitās oneness W. uned, C. unses 'unit'
ursus bear C. ors
vāgīna sheath, scabbard W. gwain, OC. guein, C. gon
vēlum sail, curtain C. gool, B. gouel
vēnātor hunter B. gwinaer
venēnum drug, potion; poison W. gwenwyn, C. gwenon
venus, vener- Venus WC. Gwener
versus line, row; verse WC. gwers
vēsīca bladder, purse W. chwyssigen, C. gusigan, gysigan † (< L. vesīca)
vesper evening W. gosber, C. gwesper 'vespers'
vīcus village, estate W. gwig 'wood'; C. gwig 'village', gwikor 'merchant'
vigilia watch; vigil W. gwyl, C. gool 'feast, holiday'
vīnum wine WC. gwin
vīpera viper W. gwiber
virginitās virginity W. gweryndod
virgō maid, virgin; girl W. gwyry, C. gwyrgh
viridis green, fresh W. gwyrdd, C. gwyrdh (may be cognate)
virtūs valour, virtue, worth W. gwyrth 'miracle'
vitrum glass W. gwydr, C. gweder
vīverra ferret W. gwiwer 'squirrel'